3 # Bandwidth limit module for PlanetLab nodes. The intent is to use the
4 # Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) queueing discipline (qdisc) to allow
5 # slices to fairly share access to available node bandwidth. We
6 # currently define three classes of "available node bandwidth":
8 # 1. Available hardware bandwidth (bwmax): The maximum rate of the
11 # 2. Available capped bandwidth (bwcap): The maximum rate allowed to
12 # non-exempt destinations. By default, equal to bwmax, but may be
15 # 3. Available uncapped ("exempt") bandwidth: The difference between
16 # bwmax and what is currently being used of bwcap, or the maximum rate
17 # allowed to destinations exempt from caps (e.g., Internet2).
19 # All three classes of bandwidth are fairly shared according to the
20 # notion of "shares". For instance, if the node is capped at 5 Mbps,
21 # there are N slices, and each slice has 1 share, then each slice
22 # should get at least 5/N Mbps of bandwidth. How HTB is implemented
23 # makes this statement a little too simplistic. What it really means
24 # is that during any single time period, only a certain number of
25 # bytes can be sent onto the wire. Each slice is guaranteed that at
26 # least some small number of its bytes will be sent. Whatever is left
27 # over from the budget, is split in proportion to the number of shares
30 # Even if the node is not capped at a particular limit (bwcap ==
31 # bwmax), this module enforces fair share access to bwmax. Also, if
32 # the node is capped at a particular limit, rules may optionally be
33 # defined that classify certain packets into the "exempt" class. This
34 # class receives whatever bandwidth is leftover between bwcap and
35 # bwmax; slices fairly share this bandwidth as well.
37 # The root context is exempt from sharing and can send as much as it
42 # 1. http://lartc.org/howto for how to use tc
43 # 2. http://luxik.cdi.cz/~devik/qos/htb/ for info on HTB
45 # Andy Bavier <acb@cs.princeton.edu>
46 # Mark Huang <mlhuang@cs.princeton.edu>
47 # Copyright (C) 2006 The Trustees of Princeton University
49 # $Id: bwlimit.py,v 1.15 2007/02/07 04:21:11 mlhuang Exp $
52 import sys, os, re, getopt
57 # Where the tc binary lives
66 # bwmin should be small enough that it can be considered negligibly
67 # slow compared to the hardware. 8 bits/second appears to be the
68 # smallest value supported by tc.
71 # bwmax should be large enough that it can be considered at least as
72 # fast as the hardware.
73 bwmax = 1000*1000*1000
75 # quantum is the maximum number of bytes that can be borrowed by a
76 # share (or slice, if each slice gets 1 share) in one time period
77 # (with HZ=1000, 1 ms). If multiple slices are competing for bandwidth
78 # above their guarantees, and each is attempting to borrow up to the
79 # node bandwidth cap, quantums control how the excess bandwidth is
80 # distributed. Slices with 2 shares will borrow twice the amount in
81 # one time period as slices with 1 share, so averaged over time, they
82 # will get twice as much of the excess bandwidth. The value should be
83 # as small as possible and at least 1 MTU. By default, it would be
84 # calculated as bwmin/10, but since we use such small a value for
85 # bwmin, it's better to just set it to a value safely above 1 Ethernet
89 # cburst is the maximum number of bytes that can be burst onto the
90 # wire in one time period (with HZ=1000, 1 ms). If multiple slices
91 # have data queued for transmission, cbursts control how long each
92 # slice can have the wire for. If not specified, it is set to the
93 # smallest possible value that would enable the slice's "ceil" rate
94 # (usually the node bandwidth cap), to be reached if a slice was able
95 # to borrow enough bandwidth to do so. For now, it's unclear how or if
96 # to relate this to the notion of shares, so just let tc set the
100 # There is another parameter that controls how bandwidth is allocated
101 # between slices on nodes that is outside the scope of HTB. We enforce
102 # a 16 GByte/day total limit on each slice, which works out to about
103 # 1.5mbit. If a slice exceeds this byte limit before the day finishes,
104 # it is capped at (i.e., its "ceil" rate is set to) the smaller of the
105 # node bandwidth cap or 1.5mbit. pl_mom is in charge of enforcing this
106 # rule and executes this script to override "ceil".
108 # We support multiple bandwidth limits, by reserving the top nibble of
109 # the minor classid to be the "subclassid". Theoretically, we could
110 # support up to 15 subclasses, but for now, we only define two: the
111 # "default" subclass 1:10 that is capped at the node bandwidth cap (in
112 # this example, 5mbit) and the "exempt" subclass 1:20 that is capped
113 # at bwmax (i.e., not capped). The 1:1 parent class exists only to
114 # make the borrowing model work. All bandwidth above minimum
115 # guarantees is fairly shared (in this example, slice 2 is guaranteed
116 # at least 1mbit in addition to fair access to the rest), subject to
117 # the restrictions of the class hierarchy: namely, that the total
118 # bandwidth to non-exempt destinations should not exceed the node
124 # ______________|_____________
126 # 1:10 (8bit, 5mbit) 1:20 (8bit, 1gbit)
128 # 1:1000 (8bit, 5mbit), 1:2000 (8bit, 1gbit),
129 # 1:1001 (8bit, 5mbit), 1:2001 (8bit, 1gbit),
130 # 1:1002 (1mbit, 5mbit), 1:2002 (1mbit, 1gbit),
132 # 1:1FFF (8bit, 5mbit) 1:2FFF (8bit, 1gbit)
134 default_minor = 0x1000
135 exempt_minor = 0x2000
137 # root_xid is for the root context. The root context is exempt from
138 # fair sharing in both the default and exempt subclasses. The root
139 # context gets 5 shares by default.
143 # default_xid is for unclassifiable packets. Packets should not be
144 # classified here very often. They can be if a slice's HTB classes are
145 # deleted before its processes are. Each slice gets 1 share by
150 # See tc_util.c and http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html. Be
151 # warned that older versions of tc interpret "kbps", "mbps", "mbit",
152 # and "kbit" to mean (in this system) "kibps", "mibps", "mibit", and
153 # "kibit" and that if an older version is installed, all rates will
154 # be off by a small fraction.
162 "gibit": 1024*1024*1024,
164 "tibit": 1024*1024*1024*1024,
165 "tbit": 1000000000000,
169 "mibps": 8*1024*1024,
171 "gibps": 8*1024*1024*1024,
173 "tibps": 8*1024*1024*1024*1024,
174 "tbps": 8000000000000
180 Parses an integer or a tc rate string (e.g., 1.5mbit) into bits/second
185 m = re.match(r"([0-9.]+)(\D*)", s)
188 suffix = m.group(2).lower()
189 if suffixes.has_key(suffix):
190 return int(float(m.group(1)) * suffixes[suffix])
194 def format_bytes(bytes, si = True):
196 Formats bytes into a string
201 # Officially, a kibibyte
204 if bytes >= (kilo * kilo * kilo):
205 return "%.1f GB" % (bytes / (kilo * kilo * kilo))
206 elif bytes >= 1000000:
207 return "%.1f MB" % (bytes / (kilo * kilo))
209 return "%.1f KB" % (bytes / kilo)
211 return "%.0f bytes" % bytes
213 def format_tc_rate(rate):
215 Formats a bits/second rate into a tc rate string
218 if rate >= 1000000000 and (rate % 1000000000) == 0:
219 return "%.0fgbit" % (rate / 1000000000.)
220 elif rate >= 1000000 and (rate % 1000000) == 0:
221 return "%.0fmbit" % (rate / 1000000.)
223 return "%.0fkbit" % (rate / 1000.)
225 return "%.0fbit" % rate
228 # Parse /etc/planetlab/bwcap (or equivalent)
229 def read_bwcap(bwcap_file):
232 fp = open(bwcap_file, "r")
233 line = fp.readline().strip()
235 bwcap = get_tc_rate(line)
243 def get_bwcap(dev = dev):
245 Get the current (live) value of the node bandwidth cap
248 state = tc("-d class show dev %s" % dev)
249 base_re = re.compile(r"class htb 1:10 parent 1:1 .*ceil ([^ ]+) .*")
250 base_classes = filter(None, map(base_re.match, state))
253 if len(base_classes) > 1:
254 raise Exception, "unable to get current bwcap"
255 return get_tc_rate(base_classes[0].group(1))
260 Get slice name ("princeton_mlh") from slice xid (500)
265 if xid == default_xid:
268 return pwd.getpwuid(xid).pw_name
276 Get slice xid ("princeton_mlh") from slice name ("500" or "princeton_mlh")
281 if slice == "default":
288 return pwd.getpwnam(slice).pw_uid
294 def run(cmd, input = None):
296 Shortcut for running a shell command
301 sys.stderr.write("Executing: " + cmd + "\n")
303 fileobj = os.popen(cmd, "r")
304 output = fileobj.readlines()
306 fileobj = os.popen(cmd, "w")
309 if fileobj.close() is None:
318 Shortcut for running a tc command
321 return run(TC + " " + cmd)
324 def init(dev = dev, bwcap = bwmax):
326 (Re)initialize the bandwidth limits on this node
329 # Load the module used to manage exempt classes
330 run("/sbin/modprobe ip_set_iphash")
332 # Save current settings
333 paramslist = get(None, dev)
335 # Delete root qdisc 1: if it exists. This will also automatically
336 # delete any child classes.
337 for line in tc("qdisc show dev %s" % dev):
338 # Search for the root qdisc 1:
339 m = re.match(r"qdisc htb 1:", line)
341 tc("qdisc del dev %s root handle 1:" % dev)
344 # Initialize HTB. The "default" clause specifies that if a packet
345 # fails classification, it should go into the class with handle
347 tc("qdisc add dev %s root handle 1: htb default %x" % \
348 (dev, default_minor | default_xid))
350 # Set up a parent class from which all subclasses borrow.
351 tc("class add dev %s parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate %dbit" % \
354 # Set up a subclass that represents the node bandwidth cap. We
355 # allow each slice to borrow up to this rate, so it is also
356 # usually the "ceil" rate for each slice.
357 tc("class add dev %s parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate %dbit ceil %dbit" % \
360 # Set up a subclass that represents "exemption" from the node
361 # bandwidth cap. Once the node bandwidth cap is reached, bandwidth
362 # to exempt destinations can still be fairly shared up to bwmax.
363 tc("class add dev %s parent 1:1 classid 1:20 htb rate %dbit ceil %dbit" % \
366 # Set up the root class (and tell VNET what it is). Packets sent
367 # by root end up here and are capped at the node bandwidth
369 #on(root_xid, dev, share = root_share)
371 # file("/proc/sys/vnet/root_class", "w").write("%d" % ((1 << 16) | default_minor | root_xid))
375 # Set up the default class. Packets that fail classification end
377 on(default_xid, dev, share = default_share)
379 # Restore old settings
382 minexemptrate, maxexemptrate,
383 bytes, exemptbytes) in paramslist:
384 if xid not in (root_xid, default_xid):
385 on(xid, dev, share, minrate, maxrate, minexemptrate, maxexemptrate)
388 def get(xid = None, dev = dev):
390 Get the bandwidth limits and current byte totals for a
391 particular slice xid as a tuple (xid, share, minrate, maxrate,
392 minexemptrate, maxexemptrate, bytes, exemptbytes), or all classes
393 as a list of such tuples.
405 # class htb 1:1000 parent 1:10 leaf 1000: prio 0 quantum 8000 rate 8bit ceil 10000Kbit ...
406 # Sent 6851486 bytes 49244 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
408 # class htb 1:2000 parent 1:20 leaf 2000: prio 0 quantum 8000 rate 8bit ceil 1000Mbit ...
409 # Sent 0 bytes 0 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
411 for line in tc("-s -d class show dev %s" % dev):
412 # Rate parameter line
413 params = re.match(r"class htb 1:([0-9a-f]+) parent 1:(10|20)", line)
415 stats = re.match(r".* Sent ([0-9]+) bytes", line)
417 ignore = re.match(r"class htb", line)
419 if params is not None:
421 if params.group(2) == "10":
428 bytes = 'exemptbytes'
431 id = int(params.group(1), 16) & 0x0FFF;
433 if rates.has_key(id):
440 m = re.search(r"quantum (\d+)", line)
442 rate['share'] = int(m.group(1)) / quantum
446 m = re.search(r"rate (\w+)", line)
448 rate[min] = get_tc_rate(m.group(1))
452 m = re.search(r"ceil (\w+)", line)
454 rate[max] = get_tc_rate(m.group(1))
456 # Which statistics to parse
457 rate['stats'] = bytes
461 elif stats is not None:
463 rate[rate['stats']] = int(stats.group(1))
465 elif ignore is not None:
468 # Keep parsing until we get everything
469 if rate is not None and \
470 rate.has_key('min') and rate.has_key('minexempt') and \
471 rate.has_key('max') and rate.has_key('maxexempt') and \
472 rate.has_key('bytes') and rate.has_key('exemptbytes'):
473 params = (rate['id'], rate['share'],
474 rate['min'], rate['max'],
475 rate['minexempt'], rate['maxexempt'],
476 rate['bytes'], rate['exemptbytes'])
478 # Return a list of parameters
481 elif xid == rate['id']:
482 # Return the parameters for this class
489 def on(xid, dev = dev, share = None, minrate = None, maxrate = None, minexemptrate = None, maxexemptrate = None):
491 Apply specified bandwidth limit to the specified slice xid
494 # Get defaults from current state if available
503 if minexemptrate is None:
504 minexemptrate = cap[4]
505 if maxexemptrate is None:
506 maxexemptrate = cap[5]
508 # Figure out what the current node bandwidth cap is
513 share = default_share
517 minrate = get_tc_rate(minrate)
521 maxrate = get_tc_rate(maxrate)
522 if minexemptrate is None:
523 minexemptrate = minrate
525 minexemptrate = get_tc_rate(minexemptrate)
526 if maxexemptrate is None:
527 maxexemptrate = bwmax
529 maxexemptrate = get_tc_rate(maxexemptrate)
538 if minrate > maxrate:
540 if maxexemptrate < bwmin:
541 maxexemptrate = bwmin
542 if maxexemptrate > bwmax:
543 maxexemptrate = bwmax
544 if minexemptrate < bwmin:
545 minexemptrate = bwmin
546 if minexemptrate > maxexemptrate:
547 minexemptrate = maxexemptrate
549 # Set up subclasses for the slice
550 tc("class replace dev %s parent 1:10 classid 1:%x htb rate %dbit ceil %dbit quantum %d" % \
551 (dev, default_minor | xid, minrate, maxrate, share * quantum))
553 tc("class replace dev %s parent 1:20 classid 1:%x htb rate %dbit ceil %dbit quantum %d" % \
554 (dev, exempt_minor | xid, minexemptrate, maxexemptrate, share * quantum))
556 # Attach a FIFO to each subclass, which helps to throttle back
557 # processes that are sending faster than the token buckets can
559 tc("qdisc replace dev %s parent 1:%x handle %x pfifo" % \
560 (dev, default_minor | xid, default_minor | xid))
562 tc("qdisc replace dev %s parent 1:%x handle %x pfifo" % \
563 (dev, exempt_minor | xid, exempt_minor | xid))
566 def set(xid, share = None, minrate = None, maxrate = None, minexemptrate = None, maxexemptrate = None):
567 # Get defaults from current state if available
568 # get(xid,dev) = ( xid, share, minrate, maxrate, minexemptrate, maxexemptrate, bytes, i2bytes )
569 current = get(xid, dev)
570 if current == None: current = () # must be a new slice if returned nothing.
571 new = ( share, minrate, maxrate, minexemptrate, maxexemptrate )
572 if current[1:6] != new:
573 on(xid = xid, share = share,
574 minrate = minrate, maxrate = maxrate,
575 minexemptrate = minexemptrate, maxexemptrate = maxexemptrate)
578 # Remove class associated with specified slice xid. If further packets
579 # are seen from this slice, they will be classified into the default
581 def off(xid, dev = dev):
583 Remove class associated with specified slice xid. If further
584 packets are seen from this slice, they will be classified into the
585 default class 1:1FFF.
590 tc("class del dev %s classid 1:%x" % (dev, default_minor | xid))
591 tc("class del dev %s classid 1:%x" % (dev, exempt_minor | xid))
594 def exempt_init(group_name, node_ips):
596 Initialize the list of destinations exempt from the node bandwidth
600 # Check of set exists
601 set = run("/sbin/ipset -S " + group_name)
603 # Create a hashed IP set of all of these destinations
604 lines = ["-N %s iphash" % group_name]
605 add_cmd = "-A %s " % group_name
606 lines += [(add_cmd + ip) for ip in node_ips]
608 restore = "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
609 run("/sbin/ipset -R", restore)
611 # Check all hosts and add missing.
612 for nodeip in node_ips:
613 if not run("/sbin/ipset -T %s %s" % (group_name, nodeip)):
614 run("/sbin/ipset -A %s %s" % (group_name, nodeip))
618 bwcap_description = format_tc_rate(get_bwcap())
623 %s [OPTION]... [COMMAND] [ARGUMENT]...
626 -d device Network interface (default: %s)
627 -r rate Node bandwidth cap (default: %s)
628 -q quantum Share multiplier (default: %d bytes)
629 -n Print rates in numeric bits per second
630 -v Enable verbose debug messages
635 (Re)initialize all bandwidth parameters
636 on slice [share|-] [minrate|-] [maxrate|-] [minexemptrate|-] [maxexemptrate|-]
637 Set bandwidth parameter(s) for the specified slice
639 Remove all bandwidth parameters for the specified slice
641 Get all bandwidth parameters for all slices
643 Get bandwidth parameters for the specified slice
644 """ % (sys.argv[0], dev, bwcap_description, quantum)
649 global dev, quantum, verbose
655 (opts, argv) = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "d:nr:q:vh")
656 for (opt, optval) in opts:
662 bwcap = get_tc_rate(optval)
664 quantum = int(optval)
671 if argv[0] == "init" or (argv[0] == "on" and len(argv) == 1):
673 init(dev, get_tc_rate(bwcap))
675 elif argv[0] == "get" or argv[0] == "show":
678 # Show a particular slice
679 xid = get_xid(argv[1])
681 sys.stderr.write("Error: Invalid slice name or context '%s'\n" % argv[1])
683 params = get(xid, dev)
687 paramslist = [params]
690 paramslist = get(None, dev)
694 minexemptrate, maxexemptrate,
695 bytes, exemptbytes) in paramslist:
696 slice = get_slice(xid)
698 # Orphaned (not associated with a slice) class
701 print "%s %d %d %d %d %d %d %d" % \
704 minexemptrate, maxexemptrate,
707 print "%s %d %s %s %s %s %s %s" % \
709 format_tc_rate(minrate), format_tc_rate(maxrate),
710 format_tc_rate(minexemptrate), format_tc_rate(maxexemptrate),
711 format_bytes(bytes), format_bytes(exemptbytes))
715 xid = get_xid(argv[1])
717 sys.stderr.write("Error: Invalid slice name or context '%s'\n" % argv[1])
720 if argv[0] == "on" or argv[0] == "add" or argv[0] == "replace" or argv[0] == "set":
724 # ... share, minrate, maxrate, minexemptrate, maxexemptrate
725 casts = [int, get_tc_rate, get_tc_rate, get_tc_rate, get_tc_rate]
726 for i, arg in enumerate(argv[2:]):
732 args.append(casts[i](arg))
735 elif argv[0] == "off" or argv[0] == "del":
746 if __name__ == '__main__':