Use RSA instead of DSA by default for the OpenFlow PKI.

diff --git a/utilities/ofp-pki.8.in b/utilities/ofp-pki.8.in
index 3e0aaee..3680347 100644 (file)
--- a/utilities/ofp-pki.8.in
+++ b/utilities/ofp-pki.8.in
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ofp\-pki \- OpenFlow public key infrastructure management utility
 .SH SYNOPSIS
 \fBofp\-pki\fR [\fIOPTIONS\fR] \fICOMMAND\fR [\fIARGS\fR]
 .sp
 .SH SYNOPSIS
 \fBofp\-pki\fR [\fIOPTIONS\fR] \fICOMMAND\fR [\fIARGS\fR]
 .sp

-Stand-alone commands with their arguments:
+Stand\-alone commands with their arguments:

 .br
 \fBofp\-pki\fR \fBinit\fR
 .br
 .br
 \fBofp\-pki\fR \fBinit\fR
 .br


@@ -39,7 +39,16 @@ Each \fITYPE\fR above is a certificate type, either \fBswitch\fR
 .sp
 The available options are:
 .br
 .sp
 The available options are:
 .br

-[\fB-d\fR \fIDIR\fR | \fB--dir=\fR\fIDIR\fR] [\fB-f\fR | \fB--force\fR] [\fB-b\fR | \fB--batch\fR] [\fB-l\fR \fIFILE\fR | \fB--log=\fIFILE\fR] [\fB-h\fR | \fB--help\fR]
+[\fB\-k\fR \fItype\fR | \fB\-\^\-key=\fItype\fR]
+[\fB\-B\fR \fInbits\fR | \fB\-\^\-bits=\fInbits\fR]
+[\fB\-D\fR \fIfile\fR | \fB\-\^\-dsaparam=\fIfile\fR]
+[\fB\-b\fR | \fB\-\^\-batch\fR]
+[\fB\-f\fR | \fB\-\^\-force\fR]
+[\fB\-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB\-\^\-dir=\fR\fIdir\fR]
+[\fB\-l\fR \fIfile\fR | \fB\-\^\-log=\fIfile\fR]
+[\fB\-h\fR | \fB\-\^\-help\fR]
+.br
+Some options do not apply to every command.

 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 The \fBofp\-pki\fR program sets up and manages a public key
 
 .SH DESCRIPTION
 The \fBofp\-pki\fR program sets up and manages a public key


@@ -62,13 +71,21 @@ Initializes a new PKI (by default in directory \fB@pkidir@\fR) and populates
 it with a pair of certificate authorities for controllers and
 switches.
 
 it with a pair of certificate authorities for controllers and
 switches.
 

-This command should ideally be run on a high-security machine separate
+This command should ideally be run on a high\-security machine separate

 from any OpenFlow controller or switch, called the CA machine.  The
 files \fBpki/controllerca/cacert.pem\fR and
 \fBpki/switchca/cacert.pem\fR that it produces will need to be copied
 over to the OpenFlow switches and controllers, respectively.  Their
 contents may safely be made public.
 
 from any OpenFlow controller or switch, called the CA machine.  The
 files \fBpki/controllerca/cacert.pem\fR and
 \fBpki/switchca/cacert.pem\fR that it produces will need to be copied
 over to the OpenFlow switches and controllers, respectively.  Their
 contents may safely be made public.
 

+By default, \fBofp\-pki\fR generates 2048\-bit RSA keys.  The \fB\-B\fR
+or \fB\-\^\-bits\fR option (see below) may be used to override the key
+length.  The \fB\-k dsa\fR or \fB\-\^\-key=dsa\fR option may be used to use
+DSA in place of RSA.  If DSA is selected, the \fBdsaparam.pem\fR file
+generated in the new PKI hierarchy must be copied to any machine on
+which the \fBreq\fR command (see below) will be executed.  Its
+contents may safely be made public.
+

 Other files generated by \fBinit\fR may remain on the CA machine.
 The files \fBpki/controllerca/private/cakey.pem\fR and
 \fBpki/switchca/private/cakey.pem\fR have particularly sensitive
 Other files generated by \fBinit\fR may remain on the CA machine.
 The files \fBpki/controllerca/private/cakey.pem\fR and
 \fBpki/switchca/private/cakey.pem\fR have particularly sensitive


@@ -76,27 +93,40 @@ contents that should not be exposed.
 
 .TP
 \fBreq\fR \fINAME\fR
 
 .TP
 \fBreq\fR \fINAME\fR

-Generates a new private key named \fINAME\fR\fB-privkey.pem\fR and
-corresponding certificate request named \fINAME\fR\fB-req.pem\fR.
+Generates a new private key named \fINAME\fR\fB\-privkey.pem\fR and
+corresponding certificate request named \fINAME\fR\fB\-req.pem\fR.

 The private key can be intended for use by a switch or a controller.
 
 This command should ideally be run on the switch or controller that
 will use the private key to identify itself.  The file
 The private key can be intended for use by a switch or a controller.
 
 This command should ideally be run on the switch or controller that
 will use the private key to identify itself.  The file

-\fINAME\fR\fB-req.pem\fR must be copied to the CA machine for signing
+\fINAME\fR\fB\-req.pem\fR must be copied to the CA machine for signing

 with the \fBsign\fR command (below).  
 
 This command will output a fingerprint to stdout as its final step.
 Write down the fingerprint and take it to the CA machine before
 continuing with the \fBsign\fR step.
 
 with the \fBsign\fR command (below).  
 
 This command will output a fingerprint to stdout as its final step.
 Write down the fingerprint and take it to the CA machine before
 continuing with the \fBsign\fR step.
 

-\fINAME\fR\fB-privkey.pem\fR has sensitive contents that should not be
-exposed.  \fINAME\fR\fB-req.pem\fR may be safely made public.
+When RSA keys are in use (as is the default), \fBreq\fR, unlike the
+rest of \fBofp\-pki\fR's commands, does not need access to a PKI
+hierarchy created by \fBofp\-pki init\fR.  The \fB\-B\fR or
+\fB\-\^\-bits\fR option (see below) may be used to specify the number of
+bits in the generated RSA key.
+
+When DSA keys are used (as specified with \fB\-\^\-key=dsa\fR), \fBreq\fR
+needs access to the \fBdsaparam.pem\fR file created as part of the PKI
+hierarchy (but not to other files in that tree).  By default,
+\fBofp\-pki\fR looks for this file in \fB@pkidir@/dsaparam.pem\fR, but
+the \fB\-D\fR or \fB\-\^\-dsaparam\fR option (see below) may be used to
+specify an alternate location.
+
+\fINAME\fR\fB\-privkey.pem\fR has sensitive contents that should not be
+exposed.  \fINAME\fR\fB\-req.pem\fR may be safely made public.

 
 .TP
 \fBsign\fR \fINAME\fR [\fITYPE\fR]
 
 .TP
 \fBsign\fR \fINAME\fR [\fITYPE\fR]

-Signs the certificate request named \fINAME\fR\fB-req.pem\fR that was
+Signs the certificate request named \fINAME\fR\fB\-req.pem\fR that was

 produced in the previous step, producing a certificate named
 produced in the previous step, producing a certificate named

-\fINAME\fR\fB-cert.pem\fR.  \fITYPE\fR, either \fBswitch\fR (default) or
+\fINAME\fR\fB\-cert.pem\fR.  \fITYPE\fR, either \fBswitch\fR (default) or

 \fBcontroller\fR, indicates the use for which the key is being
 certified.
 
 \fBcontroller\fR, indicates the use for which the key is being
 certified.
 


@@ -105,10 +135,10 @@ This command must be run on the CA machine.
 The command will output a fingerprint to stdout and request that you
 verify that it is the same fingerprint output by the \fBreq\fR
 command.  This ensures that the request being signed is the same one
 The command will output a fingerprint to stdout and request that you
 verify that it is the same fingerprint output by the \fBreq\fR
 command.  This ensures that the request being signed is the same one

-produced by \fBreq\fR.  (The \fB-b\fR or \fB--batch\fR option
+produced by \fBreq\fR.  (The \fB\-b\fR or \fB\-\^\-batch\fR option

 suppresses the verification step.)
 
 suppresses the verification step.)
 

-The file \fINAME\fR\fB-cert.pem\fR will need to be copied back to the
+The file \fINAME\fR\fB\-cert.pem\fR will need to be copied back to the

 switch or controller for which it is intended.  Its contents may
 safely be made public.
 
 switch or controller for which it is intended.  Its contents may
 safely be made public.
 


@@ -116,9 +146,9 @@ safely be made public.
 \fBreq+sign\fR \fINAME\fR [\fITYPE\fR]
 Combines the \fBreq\fR and \fBsign\fR commands into a single step,
 outputting all the files produced by each.  The
 \fBreq+sign\fR \fINAME\fR [\fITYPE\fR]
 Combines the \fBreq\fR and \fBsign\fR commands into a single step,
 outputting all the files produced by each.  The

-\fINAME\fR\fB-privkey.pem\fR and \fINAME\fR\fB-cert.pem\fR files must
+\fINAME\fR\fB\-privkey.pem\fR and \fINAME\fR\fB\-cert.pem\fR files must

 be copied securely to the switch or controller.
 be copied securely to the switch or controller.

-\fINAME\fR\fB-privkey.pem\fR has sensitive contents and must not be
+\fINAME\fR\fB\-privkey.pem\fR has sensitive contents and must not be

 exposed in transit.  Afterward, it should be deleted from the CA
 machine.
 
 exposed in transit.  Afterward, it should be deleted from the CA
 machine.
 


@@ -129,23 +159,23 @@ key.  However, it is also more convenient.
 
 .TP
 \fBverify\fR \fINAME\fR [\fITYPE\fR]
 
 .TP
 \fBverify\fR \fINAME\fR [\fITYPE\fR]

-Verifies that \fINAME\fR\fB-cert.pem\fR is a valid certificate for the
+Verifies that \fINAME\fR\fB\-cert.pem\fR is a valid certificate for the

 given \fITYPE\fR of use, either \fBswitch\fR (default) or
 \fBcontroller\fR.  If the certificate is valid for this use, it prints
 given \fITYPE\fR of use, either \fBswitch\fR (default) or
 \fBcontroller\fR.  If the certificate is valid for this use, it prints

-the message ``\fINAME\fR\fB-cert.pem\fR: OK''; otherwise, it prints an
+the message ``\fINAME\fR\fB\-cert.pem\fR: OK''; otherwise, it prints an

 error message.
 
 .TP
 \fBofp\-pki\fR \fBfingerprint\fR \fIFILE\fR
 Prints the fingerprint for \fIFILE\fR.  If \fIFILE\fR is a
 error message.
 
 .TP
 \fBofp\-pki\fR \fBfingerprint\fR \fIFILE\fR
 Prints the fingerprint for \fIFILE\fR.  If \fIFILE\fR is a

-certificate, then this is the SHA-1 digest of the DER encoded version
-of the certificate; otherwise, it is the SHA-1 digest of the entire
+certificate, then this is the SHA\-1 digest of the DER encoded version
+of the certificate; otherwise, it is the SHA\-1 digest of the entire

 file.
 
 .SH "ONLINE COMMANDS"
 
 An OpenFlow PKI can be administered online, in conjunction with
 file.
 
 .SH "ONLINE COMMANDS"
 
 An OpenFlow PKI can be administered online, in conjunction with

-.BR ofp-pki-cgi (8)
+.BR ofp\-pki\-cgi (8)

 and a web server such as Apache:
 
 .IP \(bu
 and a web server such as Apache:
 
 .IP \(bu


@@ -160,7 +190,7 @@ controllers and switches to be uploaded into the
 \fBpki/controllerca/incoming\fR and \fBpki/switchca/incoming\fR
 directories, respectively.  Uploaded certificate requests are stored
 in those directories under names of the form
 \fBpki/controllerca/incoming\fR and \fBpki/switchca/incoming\fR
 directories, respectively.  Uploaded certificate requests are stored
 in those directories under names of the form

-\fIFINGERPRINT\fB-req.pem\fR, which \fIFINGERPRINT\fR is the SHA-1
+\fIFINGERPRINT\fB\-req.pem\fR, which \fIFINGERPRINT\fR is the SHA\-1

 hash of the file.
 
 .IP \(bu
 hash of the file.
 
 .IP \(bu


@@ -204,7 +234,7 @@ the user to type fewer characters, not to match multiple certificate
 requests.
 
 The command will output a fingerprint to stdout and request that you
 requests.
 
 The command will output a fingerprint to stdout and request that you

-verify that it is correct.  (The \fB-b\fR or \fB--batch\fR option
+verify that it is correct.  (The \fB\-b\fR or \fB\-\^\-batch\fR option

 suppresses the verification step.)
 
 .TP
 suppresses the verification step.)
 
 .TP


@@ -223,34 +253,62 @@ older than \fIAGE\fR, which must in one of the forms \fIN\fBs\fR,
 
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP
 
 .SH OPTIONS
 .TP

-[\fB-d\fR \fIDIR\fR | \fB--dir=\fR\fIDIR\fR]
+\fB\-k\fR \fItype\fR | \fB\-\^\-key=\fItype\fR
+For the \fBinit\fR command, sets the public key algorithm to use for
+the new PKI hierarchy.  For the \fBreq\fR and \fBreq+sign\fR commands,
+sets the public key algorithm to use for the key to be generated,
+which must match the value specified on \fBinit\fR.  With other
+commands, the value has no effect.
+
+The \fItype\fR may be \fBrsa\fR (the default) or \fBdsa\fR.
+
+.TP
+\fB\-B\fR \fInbits\fR | \fB\-\^\-bits=\fInbits\fR
+Sets the number of bits in the key to be generated.  When RSA keys are
+in use, this option affects only the \fBinit\fR, \fBreq\fR, and
+\fBreq+sign\fR commands, and the same value should be given each time.
+With DSA keys are in use, this option affects only the \fBinit\fR
+command.
+
+The value must be at least 1024.  The default is 2048.
+
+.TP
+\fB\-D\fR \fIfile\fR | \fB\-\^\-dsaparam=\fIfile\fR
+Specifies an alternate location for the \fBdsaparam.pem\fR file
+required by the \fBreq\fR and \fBreq+sign\fR commands.  This option
+affects only these commands, and only when DSA keys are used.
+
+The default is \fBdsaparam.pem\fR under the PKI hierarchy.
+
+.TP
+\fB\-b\fR | \fB\-\^\-batch\fR
+Suppresses the interactive verification of fingerprints that the
+\fBsign\fR and \fBapprove\fR commands by default require.
+
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fR \fIdir\fR | \fB\-\^\-dir=\fR\fIdir\fR

 Specifies the location of the PKI hierarchy to be used or created by
 the command (default: \fB@pkidir@\fR).  All commands, except \fBreq\fR,
 need access to a PKI hierarchy.
 
 .TP
 Specifies the location of the PKI hierarchy to be used or created by
 the command (default: \fB@pkidir@\fR).  All commands, except \fBreq\fR,
 need access to a PKI hierarchy.
 
 .TP

-[\fB-f\fR | \fB--force\fR]
+\fB\-f\fR | \fB\-\^\-force\fR

 By default, \fBofp\-pki\fR will not overwrite existing files or
 directories.  This option overrides this behavior.
 
 .TP
 By default, \fBofp\-pki\fR will not overwrite existing files or
 directories.  This option overrides this behavior.
 
 .TP

-[\fB-b\fR | \fB--batch\fR]
-Suppresses the interactive verification of fingerprints that the
-\fBsign\fR command by default requires.
-
-.TP
-[\fB-l\fR \fIFILE\fR | \fB--log=\fIFILE\fR]
-Sets the log file to \fIFILE\fR.  If \fIFILE\fR starts with \fB/\fR,
+\fB\-l\fR \fIfile\fR | \fB\-\^\-log=\fIfile\fR
+Sets the log file to \fIfile\fR.  If \fIfile\fR starts with \fB/\fR,

 it is taken as an absolute path; otherwise it is relative to the PKI
 it is taken as an absolute path; otherwise it is relative to the PKI

-hierarchy.  Default: \fBofp-pki.log\fR.
+hierarchy.  Default: \fBofp\-pki.log\fR.

 
 .TP
 
 .TP

-[\fB-h\fR | \fB--help\fR]
+\fB\-h\fR | \fB\-\^\-help\fR

 Prints a help usage message and exits.
 
 .SH "SEE ALSO"
 
 Prints a help usage message and exits.
 
 .SH "SEE ALSO"
 

-.BR ofp-pki-cgi (8),
+.BR ofp\-pki\-cgi (8),

 .BR dpctl (8),
 .BR switch (8),
 .BR secchan (8),
 .BR dpctl (8),
 .BR switch (8),
 .BR secchan (8),

diff --git a/utilities/ofp-pki.in b/utilities/ofp-pki.in
index ca927c0..6f227d6 100755 (executable)
--- a/utilities/ofp-pki.in
+++ b/utilities/ofp-pki.in
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ prev=
 force=no
 batch=no
 log=ofp-pki.log
 force=no
 batch=no
 log=ofp-pki.log

+keytype=rsa
+bits=2048

 for option; do
     # This option-parsing mechanism borrowed from a Autoconf-generated
     # configure script under the following license:
 for option; do
     # This option-parsing mechanism borrowed from a Autoconf-generated
     # configure script under the following license:


@@ -59,22 +61,47 @@ The following additional commands manage an online PKI:
 
 Each TYPE above is a certificate type: 'switch' (default) or 'controller'.
 
 
 Each TYPE above is a certificate type: 'switch' (default) or 'controller'.
 

-The valid OPTIONS are:
+Options for 'init', 'req', and 'req+sign' only:
+  -k, --key=rsa|dsa    Type of keys to use (default: rsa)
+  -B, --bits=NBITS     Number of bits in keys (default: 2048).  For DSA keys,
+                         this has an effect only on 'init'.
+  -D, --dsaparam=FILE  File with DSA parameters (DSA only)
+                         (default: dsaparam.pem within PKI directory)
+Options for use with the 'sign' and 'approve' commands:
+  -b, --batch          Skip fingerprint verification
+Options that apply to any command:

   -d, --dir=DIR        Directory where the PKI is located
                          (default: $pkidir)
   -f, --force          Continue even if file or directory already exists
   -d, --dir=DIR        Directory where the PKI is located
                          (default: $pkidir)
   -f, --force          Continue even if file or directory already exists

-  -b, --batch          Skip fingerprint verification

   -l, --log=FILE       Log openssl output to FILE (default: ofp-log.log)
   -h, --help           Print this usage message.
 EOF
             exit 0
             ;;
   -l, --log=FILE       Log openssl output to FILE (default: ofp-log.log)
   -h, --help           Print this usage message.
 EOF
             exit 0
             ;;

-        --d*=*)
+        --di*=*)

             pkidir=$optarg
             ;;
             pkidir=$optarg
             ;;

-        --d*|-d)
+        --di*|-d)

             prev=pkidir
             ;;
             prev=pkidir
             ;;

+        --k*=*)
+            keytype=$optarg
+            ;;
+        --k*|-k)
+            prev=keytype
+            ;;
+        --bi*=*)
+            bits=$optarg
+            ;;
+        --bi*|-B)
+            prev=bits
+            ;;
+        --ds*=*)
+            dsaparam=$optarg
+            ;;
+        --ds*|-D)
+            prev=dsaparam
+            ;;

         --l*=*)
             log=$optarg
             ;;
         --l*=*)
             log=$optarg
             ;;


@@ -84,7 +111,7 @@ EOF
         --force|-f)
             force=yes
             ;;
         --force|-f)
             force=yes
             ;;

-        --batch|-b)
+        --ba*|-b)

             batch=yes
             ;;
         -*)
             batch=yes
             ;;
         -*)


@@ -115,10 +142,21 @@ if test -z "$command"; then
     echo "$0: missing command name; use --help for help" >&2
     exit 1
 fi
     echo "$0: missing command name; use --help for help" >&2
     exit 1
 fi

+if test "$keytype" != rsa && test "$keytype" != dsa; then
+    echo "$0: argument to -k or --key must be rsa or dsa"
+    exit 1
+fi
+if test "$bits" -lt 1024; then
+    echo "$0: argument to -B or --bits must be at least 1024"
+    exit 1
+fi
+if test -z "$dsaparam"; then
+    dsaparam=$pkidir/dsaparam.pem
+fi

 
 if test "$command" = "init"; then
     if test -e "$pkidir" && test "$force" != "yes"; then
 
 if test "$command" = "init"; then
     if test -e "$pkidir" && test "$force" != "yes"; then

-        echo "$0: $pkidir already exists" >&2
+        echo "$0: $pkidir already exists and --force not specified" >&2

         exit 1
     fi
 
         exit 1
     fi
 


@@ -128,26 +166,9 @@ if test "$command" = "init"; then
     cd "$pkidir"
     exec 3>>$log
 
     cd "$pkidir"
     exec 3>>$log
 

-    if test ! -e dsaparam.pem; then
+    if test $keytype = dsa && test ! -e dsaparam.pem; then

         echo "Generating DSA parameters, please wait..." >&2
         echo "Generating DSA parameters, please wait..." >&2

-        openssl dsaparam -out dsaparam.pem 2048 1>&3 2>&3
-    fi
-
-    # Create the request configuration.
-    if test ! -e req.cnf; then
-        cat > req.cnf <<EOF
-[ req ]
-prompt = no
-distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
-
-[ req_distinguished_name ]
-C = US
-ST = CA
-L = Palo Alto
-O = OpenFlow
-OU = OpenFlow certifier
-CN = OpenFlow certificate
-EOF
+        openssl dsaparam -out dsaparam.pem $bits 1>&3 2>&3

     fi
 
     # Create the CAs.
     fi
 
     # Create the CAs.


@@ -165,7 +186,7 @@ EOF
         test -e serial || echo 01 > serial
 
         # Put DSA parameters in directory.
         test -e serial || echo 01 > serial
 
         # Put DSA parameters in directory.

-        if test ! -e dsaparam.pem; then
+        if test $keytype = dsa && test ! -e dsaparam.pem; then

             cp ../dsaparam.pem .
         fi
 
             cp ../dsaparam.pem .
         fi
 


@@ -216,8 +237,13 @@ EOF
         fi
 
         # Create certificate authority.
         fi
 
         # Create certificate authority.

+        if test $keytype = dsa; then
+            newkey=dsa:dsaparam.pem
+        else
+            newkey=rsa:$bits
+        fi

         openssl req -config ca.cnf -nodes \
         openssl req -config ca.cnf -nodes \

-            -newkey dsa:dsaparam.pem -keyout private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem \
+            -newkey $newkey -keyout private/cakey.pem -out careq.pem \

             1>&3 2>&3
         openssl ca -config ca.cnf -create_serial -out cacert.pem \
             -days 1095 -batch -keyfile private/cakey.pem -selfsign \
             1>&3 2>&3
         openssl ca -config ca.cnf -create_serial -out cacert.pem \
             -days 1095 -batch -keyfile private/cakey.pem -selfsign \


@@ -386,10 +412,28 @@ pkidir_must_exist() {
 make_request() {
     must_not_exist "$arg1-privkey.pem"
     must_not_exist "$arg1-req.pem"
 make_request() {
     must_not_exist "$arg1-privkey.pem"
     must_not_exist "$arg1-req.pem"

-    pkidir_must_exist
-    openssl req -config "$pkidir/req.cnf" -text -nodes \
-        -newkey "dsa:$pkidir/dsaparam.pem" -keyout "$1-privkey.pem" \
-        -out "$1-req.pem" 1>&3 2>&3
+    make_tmpdir
+    cat > "$TMP/req.cnf" <<EOF
+[ req ]
+prompt = no
+distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
+
+[ req_distinguished_name ]
+C = US
+ST = CA
+L = Palo Alto
+O = OpenFlow
+OU = OpenFlow certifier
+CN = OpenFlow certificate for $arg1
+EOF
+    if test $keytype = rsa; then
+        newkey=rsa:$bits
+    else
+        must_exist "$dsaparam"
+        newkey=dsa:$dsaparam
+    fi
+    openssl req -config "$TMP/req.cnf" -text -nodes \
+        -newkey $newkey -keyout "$1-privkey.pem" -out "$1-req.pem" 1>&3 2>&3

 }
 
 sign_request() {
 }
 
 sign_request() {


@@ -434,6 +478,7 @@ elif test "$command" = req+sign; then
     one_or_two_args
     check_type "$arg2"
 
     one_or_two_args
     check_type "$arg2"
 

+    pkidir_must_exist

     make_request "$arg1"
     sign_request "$arg1-req.pem" "$arg1-cert.pem"
     fingerprint "$arg1-req.pem"
     make_request "$arg1"
     sign_request "$arg1-req.pem" "$arg1-cert.pem"
     fingerprint "$arg1-req.pem"