# from http://code.activestate.com/recipes/523034/
try:
    from collections import defaultdict
except:
    class defaultdict(dict):

        def __init__(self, default_factory=None, *a, **kw):
            if (default_factory is not None and
                    not hasattr(default_factory, '__call__')):
                raise TypeError('first argument must be callable')
            dict.__init__(self, *a, **kw)
            self.default_factory = default_factory

        def __getitem__(self, key):
            try:
                return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
            except KeyError:
                return self.__missing__(key)

        def __missing__(self, key):
            if self.default_factory is None:
                raise KeyError(key)
            self[key] = value = self.default_factory()
            return value

        def __reduce__(self):
            if self.default_factory is None:
                args = tuple()
            else:
                args = self.default_factory,
            return type(self), args, None, None, list(self.items())

        def copy(self):
            return self.__copy__()

        def __copy__(self):
            return type(self)(self.default_factory, self)

        def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
            import copy
            return type(self)(self.default_factory,
                              copy.deepcopy(list(self.items())))

        def __repr__(self):
            return 'defaultdict(%s, %s)' % (self.default_factory,
                                            dict.__repr__(self))