converted to unix-style eol
[www-register-wizard.git] / database / DB_driver.php
index 07c19c5..fae8c28 100644 (file)
-<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');\r
-/**\r
- * CodeIgniter\r
- *\r
- * An open source application development framework for PHP 4.3.2 or newer\r
- *\r
- * @package            CodeIgniter\r
- * @author             ExpressionEngine Dev Team\r
- * @copyright  Copyright (c) 2008, EllisLab, Inc.\r
- * @license            http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html\r
- * @link               http://codeigniter.com\r
- * @since              Version 1.0\r
- * @filesource\r
- */\r
-\r
-// ------------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-/**\r
- * Database Driver Class\r
- *\r
- * This is the platform-independent base DB implementation class.\r
- * This class will not be called directly. Rather, the adapter\r
- * class for the specific database will extend and instantiate it.\r
- *\r
- * @package            CodeIgniter\r
- * @subpackage Drivers\r
- * @category   Database\r
- * @author             ExpressionEngine Dev Team\r
- * @link               http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/\r
- */\r
-class CI_DB_driver {\r
-\r
-       var $username;\r
-       var $password;\r
-       var $hostname;\r
-       var $database;\r
-       var $dbdriver           = 'mysql';\r
-       var $dbprefix           = '';\r
-       var $char_set           = 'utf8';\r
-       var $dbcollat           = 'utf8_general_ci';\r
-       var $autoinit           = TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB\r
-       var $swap_pre           = '';\r
-       var $port                       = '';\r
-       var $pconnect           = FALSE;\r
-       var $conn_id            = FALSE;\r
-       var $result_id          = FALSE;\r
-       var $db_debug           = FALSE;\r
-       var $benchmark          = 0;\r
-       var $query_count        = 0;\r
-       var $bind_marker        = '?';\r
-       var $save_queries       = TRUE;\r
-       var $queries            = array();\r
-       var $query_times        = array();\r
-       var $data_cache         = array();\r
-       var $trans_enabled      = TRUE;\r
-       var $trans_strict       = TRUE;\r
-       var $_trans_depth       = 0;\r
-       var $_trans_status      = TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur\r
-       var $cache_on           = FALSE;\r
-       var $cachedir           = '';\r
-       var $cache_autodel      = FALSE;\r
-       var $CACHE; // The cache class object\r
-\r
-       // Private variables\r
-       var $_protect_identifiers       = TRUE;\r
-       var $_reserved_identifiers      = array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped\r
-\r
-       // These are use with Oracle\r
-       var $stmt_id;\r
-       var $curs_id;\r
-       var $limit_used;\r
-\r
-\r
-       \r
-       /**\r
-        * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database\r
-        * connection settings.\r
-        *\r
-        * @param array\r
-        */     \r
-       function CI_DB_driver($params)\r
-       {\r
-               if (is_array($params))\r
-               {\r
-                       foreach ($params as $key => $val)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->$key = $val;\r
-                       }\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               log_message('debug', 'Database Driver Class Initialized');\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Initialize Database Settings\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      private Called by the constructor\r
-        * @param       mixed\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */     \r
-       function initialize()\r
-       {\r
-               // If an existing connection resource is available\r
-               // there is no need to connect and select the database\r
-               if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))\r
-               {\r
-                       return TRUE;\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               // ----------------------------------------------------------------\r
-               \r
-               // Connect to the database and set the connection ID\r
-               $this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();\r
-\r
-               // No connection resource?  Throw an error\r
-               if ( ! $this->conn_id)\r
-               {\r
-                       log_message('error', 'Unable to connect to the database');\r
-                       \r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->display_error('db_unable_to_connect');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // ----------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-               // Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file\r
-               if ($this->database != '')\r
-               {\r
-                       if ( ! $this->db_select())\r
-                       {\r
-                               log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);\r
-                       \r
-                               if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);\r
-                               }\r
-                               return FALSE;                   \r
-                       }\r
-                       else\r
-                       {\r
-                               // We've selected the DB. Now we set the character set\r
-                               if ( ! $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))\r
-                               {\r
-                                       return FALSE;\r
-                               }\r
-               \r
-                               return TRUE;\r
-                       }\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-               \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Set client character set\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @return      resource\r
-        */\r
-       function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! $this->_db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))\r
-               {\r
-                       log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$this->char_set);\r
-               \r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $this->char_set);\r
-                       }\r
-                       \r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc...)\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      string          \r
-        */     \r
-       function platform()\r
-       {\r
-               return $this->dbdriver;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Database Version Number.  Returns a string containing the\r
-        * version of the database being used\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      string  \r
-        */     \r
-       function version()\r
-       {\r
-               if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')\r
-               {\r
-                       return $sql;\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               $query = $this->query($sql);\r
-               return $query->row('ver');\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Execute the query\r
-        *\r
-        * Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object upon\r
-        * successful execution of a "read" type query.  Returns boolean TRUE\r
-        * upon successful execution of a "write" type query. Returns boolean\r
-        * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE\r
-        * will raise an error.\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  An SQL query string\r
-        * @param       array   An array of binding data\r
-        * @return      mixed           \r
-        */     \r
-       function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)\r
-       {\r
-               if ($sql == '')\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$sql);\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_invalid_query');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary\r
-               if ( ($this->dbprefix != '' AND $this->swap_pre != '') AND ($this->dbprefix != $this->swap_pre) )\r
-               {                       \r
-                       $sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Is query caching enabled?  If the query is a "read type"\r
-               // we will load the caching class and return the previously\r
-               // cached query if it exists\r
-               if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND stristr($sql, 'SELECT'))\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->_cache_init())\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->load_rdriver();\r
-                               if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))\r
-                               {\r
-                                       return $cache;\r
-                               }\r
-                       }\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Compile binds if needed\r
-               if ($binds !== FALSE)\r
-               {\r
-                       $sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // Save the  query for debugging\r
-               if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->queries[] = $sql;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Start the Query Timer\r
-               $time_start = list($sm, $ss) = explode(' ', microtime());\r
-       \r
-               // Run the Query\r
-               if (FALSE === ($this->result_id = $this->simple_query($sql)))\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->query_times[] = 0;\r
-                       }\r
-               \r
-                       // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used\r
-                       $this->_trans_status = FALSE;\r
-\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               // grab the error number and message now, as we might run some\r
-                               // additional queries before displaying the error\r
-                               $error_no = $this->_error_number();\r
-                               $error_msg = $this->_error_message();\r
-                               \r
-                               // We call this function in order to roll-back queries\r
-                               // if transactions are enabled.  If we don't call this here\r
-                               // the error message will trigger an exit, causing the \r
-                               // transactions to remain in limbo.\r
-                               $this->trans_complete();\r
-\r
-                               // Log and display errors\r
-                               log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error_msg);\r
-                               return $this->display_error(\r
-                                                                               array(\r
-                                                                                               'Error Number: '.$error_no,\r
-                                                                                               $error_msg,\r
-                                                                                               $sql\r
-                                                                                       )\r
-                                                                               );\r
-                       }\r
-               \r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Stop and aggregate the query time results\r
-               $time_end = list($em, $es) = explode(' ', microtime());\r
-               $this->benchmark += ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);\r
-\r
-               if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->query_times[] = ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Increment the query counter\r
-               $this->query_count++;\r
-               \r
-               // Was the query a "write" type?\r
-               // If so we'll simply return true\r
-               if ($this->is_write_type($sql) === TRUE)\r
-               {\r
-                       // If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any\r
-                       // existing files related to this particular URI\r
-                       if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->cache_autodel == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->CACHE->delete();\r
-                       }\r
-               \r
-                       return TRUE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Return TRUE if we don't need to create a result object\r
-               // Currently only the Oracle driver uses this when stored\r
-               // procedures are used\r
-               if ($return_object !== TRUE)\r
-               {\r
-                       return TRUE;\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               // Load and instantiate the result driver       \r
-               \r
-               $driver                 = $this->load_rdriver();\r
-               $RES                    = new $driver();\r
-               $RES->conn_id   = $this->conn_id;\r
-               $RES->result_id = $this->result_id;\r
-\r
-               if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')\r
-               {\r
-                       $RES->stmt_id           = $this->stmt_id;\r
-                       $RES->curs_id           = NULL;\r
-                       $RES->limit_used        = $this->limit_used;\r
-                       $this->stmt_id          = FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // oci8 vars must be set before calling this\r
-               $RES->num_rows  = $RES->num_rows();\r
-                               \r
-               // Is query caching enabled?  If so, we'll serialize the\r
-               // result object and save it to a cache file.\r
-               if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())\r
-               {\r
-                       // We'll create a new instance of the result object\r
-                       // only without the platform specific driver since\r
-                       // we can't use it with cached data (the query result\r
-                       // resource ID won't be any good once we've cached the\r
-                       // result object, so we'll have to compile the data\r
-                       // and save it)\r
-                       $CR = new CI_DB_result();\r
-                       $CR->num_rows           = $RES->num_rows();\r
-                       $CR->result_object      = $RES->result_object();\r
-                       $CR->result_array       = $RES->result_array();\r
-                       \r
-                       // Reset these since cached objects can not utilize resource IDs.\r
-                       $CR->conn_id            = NULL;\r
-                       $CR->result_id          = NULL;\r
-\r
-                       $this->CACHE->write($sql, $CR);\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               return $RES;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Load the result drivers\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      string  the name of the result class            \r
-        */             \r
-       function load_rdriver()\r
-       {\r
-               $driver = 'CI_DB_'.$this->dbdriver.'_result';\r
-\r
-               if ( ! class_exists($driver))\r
-               {\r
-                       include_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_result'.EXT);\r
-                       include_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$this->dbdriver.'/'.$this->dbdriver.'_result'.EXT);\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               return $driver;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Simple Query\r
-        * This is a simplified version of the query() function.  Internally\r
-        * we only use it when running transaction commands since they do\r
-        * not require all the features of the main query() function.\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the sql query\r
-        * @return      mixed           \r
-        */     \r
-       function simple_query($sql)\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! $this->conn_id)\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->initialize();\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               return $this->_execute($sql);\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Disable Transactions\r
-        * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void            \r
-        */     \r
-       function trans_off()\r
-       {\r
-               $this->trans_enabled = FALSE;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Enable/disable Transaction Strict Mode\r
-        * When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of\r
-        * transactions, if one group fails all groups will be rolled back.\r
-        * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously, meaning\r
-        * a failure of one group will not affect any others\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void            \r
-        */     \r
-       function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)\r
-       {\r
-               $this->trans_strict = is_bool($mode) ? $mode : TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Start Transaction\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void            \r
-        */     \r
-       function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)\r
-       {       \r
-               if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones\r
-               if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->_trans_depth += 1;\r
-                       return;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $this->trans_begin($test_mode);\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Complete Transaction\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      bool            \r
-        */     \r
-       function trans_complete()\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones\r
-               if ($this->_trans_depth > 1)\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->_trans_depth -= 1;\r
-                       return TRUE;\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               // The query() function will set this flag to FALSE in the event that a query failed\r
-               if ($this->_trans_status === FALSE)\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->trans_rollback();\r
-                       \r
-                       // If we are NOT running in strict mode, we will reset\r
-                       // the _trans_status flag so that subsequent groups of transactions\r
-                       // will be permitted.\r
-                       if ($this->trans_strict === FALSE)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $this->_trans_status = TRUE;\r
-                       }\r
-\r
-                       log_message('debug', 'DB Transaction Failure');\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $this->trans_commit();\r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      bool            \r
-        */     \r
-       function trans_status()\r
-       {\r
-               return $this->_trans_status;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Compile Bindings\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the sql statement\r
-        * @param       array   an array of bind data\r
-        * @return      string          \r
-        */     \r
-       function compile_binds($sql, $binds)\r
-       {\r
-               if (strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)\r
-               {\r
-                       return $sql;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               if ( ! is_array($binds))\r
-               {\r
-                       $binds = array($binds);\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Get the sql segments around the bind markers\r
-               $segments = explode($this->bind_marker, $sql);\r
-\r
-               // The count of bind should be 1 less then the count of segments\r
-               // If there are more bind arguments trim it down\r
-               if (count($binds) >= count($segments)) {\r
-                       $binds = array_slice($binds, 0, count($segments)-1);\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // Construct the binded query\r
-               $result = $segments[0];\r
-               $i = 0;\r
-               foreach ($binds as $bind)\r
-               {\r
-                       $result .= $this->escape($bind);\r
-                       $result .= $segments[++$i];\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               return $result;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Determines if a query is a "write" type.\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  An SQL query string\r
-        * @return      boolean         \r
-        */     \r
-       function is_write_type($sql)\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK)\s+/i', $sql))\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       integer The number of decimal places\r
-        * @return      integer         \r
-        */     \r
-       function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)\r
-       {\r
-               return number_format($this->benchmark, $decimals);\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Returns the total number of queries\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      integer         \r
-        */     \r
-       function total_queries()\r
-       {\r
-               return $this->query_count;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Returns the last query that was executed\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void            \r
-        */     \r
-       function last_query()\r
-       {\r
-               return end($this->queries);\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * "Smart" Escape String\r
-        *\r
-        * Escapes data based on type\r
-        * Sets boolean and null types\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @return      integer         \r
-        */     \r
-       function escape($str)\r
-       {       \r
-               switch (gettype($str))\r
-               {\r
-                       case 'string'   :       $str = "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";\r
-                               break;\r
-                       case 'boolean'  :       $str = ($str === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;\r
-                               break;\r
-                       default                 :       $str = ($str === NULL) ? 'NULL' : $str;\r
-                               break;\r
-               }               \r
-\r
-               return $str;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Primary\r
-        *\r
-        * Retrieves the primary key.  It assumes that the row in the first\r
-        * position is the primary key\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the table name\r
-        * @return      string          \r
-        */     \r
-       function primary($table = '')\r
-       {       \r
-               $fields = $this->list_fields($table);\r
-               \r
-               if ( ! is_array($fields))\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               return current($fields);\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Returns an array of table names\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      array           \r
-        */     \r
-       function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)\r
-       {\r
-               // Is there a cached result?\r
-               if (isset($this->data_cache['table_names']))\r
-               {\r
-                       return $this->data_cache['table_names'];\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_tables($constrain_by_prefix)))\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               $retval = array();\r
-               $query = $this->query($sql);\r
-               \r
-               if ($query->num_rows() > 0)\r
-               {\r
-                       foreach($query->result_array() as $row)\r
-                       {\r
-                               if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];\r
-                               }\r
-                               else\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $retval[] = array_shift($row);\r
-                               }\r
-                       }\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               $this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;\r
-               return $this->data_cache['table_names'];\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Determine if a particular table exists\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      boolean\r
-        */\r
-       function table_exists($table_name)\r
-       {       \r
-               return ( ! in_array($this->_protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables())) ? FALSE : TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Fetch MySQL Field Names\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the table name\r
-        * @return      array           \r
-        */\r
-       function list_fields($table = '')\r
-       {\r
-               // Is there a cached result?\r
-               if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))\r
-               {\r
-                       return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               if ($table == '')\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_columns($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))))\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $query = $this->query($sql);\r
-               \r
-               $retval = array();\r
-               foreach($query->result_array() as $row)\r
-               {\r
-                       if (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME']))\r
-                       {\r
-                               $retval[] = $row['COLUMN_NAME'];\r
-                       }\r
-                       else\r
-                       {\r
-                               $retval[] = current($row);\r
-                       }               \r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = $retval;\r
-               return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Determine if a particular field exists\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @return      boolean\r
-        */\r
-       function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)\r
-       {       \r
-               return ( ! in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name))) ? FALSE : TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Returns an object with field data\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the table name\r
-        * @return      object          \r
-        */     \r
-       function field_data($table = '')\r
-       {\r
-               if ($table == '')\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));\r
-\r
-               return $query->field_data();\r
-       }       \r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-       \r
-       /**\r
-        * Generate an insert string\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the table upon which the query will be performed\r
-        * @param       array   an associative array data of key/values\r
-        * @return      string          \r
-        */     \r
-       function insert_string($table, $data)\r
-       {\r
-               $fields = array();\r
-               $values = array();\r
-               \r
-               foreach($data as $key => $val)\r
-               {\r
-                       $fields[] = $this->_escape_identifiers($key);\r
-                       $values[] = $this->escape($val);\r
-               }\r
-                               \r
-               return $this->_insert($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);\r
-       }       \r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Generate an update string\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the table upon which the query will be performed\r
-        * @param       array   an associative array data of key/values\r
-        * @param       mixed   the "where" statement\r
-        * @return      string          \r
-        */     \r
-       function update_string($table, $data, $where)\r
-       {\r
-               if ($where == '')\r
-               {\r
-                       return false;\r
-               }\r
-                                       \r
-               $fields = array();\r
-               foreach($data as $key => $val)\r
-               {\r
-                       $fields[$this->_protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               if ( ! is_array($where))\r
-               {\r
-                       $dest = array($where);\r
-               }\r
-               else\r
-               {\r
-                       $dest = array();\r
-                       foreach ($where as $key => $val)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $prefix = (count($dest) == 0) ? '' : ' AND ';\r
-       \r
-                               if ($val !== '')\r
-                               {\r
-                                       if ( ! $this->_has_operator($key))\r
-                                       {\r
-                                               $key .= ' =';\r
-                                       }\r
-                               \r
-                                       $val = ' '.$this->escape($val);\r
-                               }\r
-                                                       \r
-                               $dest[] = $prefix.$key.$val;\r
-                       }\r
-               }               \r
-\r
-               return $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);\r
-       }       \r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      private\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @return      bool\r
-        */\r
-       function _has_operator($str)\r
-       {\r
-               $str = trim($str);\r
-               if ( ! preg_match("/(\s|<|>|!|=|is null|is not null)/i", $str))\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the function name\r
-        * @param       mixed   any parameters needed by the function\r
-        * @return      mixed           \r
-        */     \r
-       function call_function($function)\r
-       {\r
-               $driver = ($this->dbdriver == 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';\r
-       \r
-               if (FALSE === strpos($driver, $function))\r
-               {\r
-                       $function = $driver.$function;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               if ( ! function_exists($function))\r
-               {\r
-                       if ($this->db_debug)\r
-                       {\r
-                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');\r
-                       }\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               else\r
-               {\r
-                       $args = (func_num_args() > 1) ? array_splice(func_get_args(), 1) : null;\r
-\r
-                       return call_user_func_array($function, $args);\r
-               }\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Set Cache Directory Path\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the path to the cache directory\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */             \r
-       function cache_set_path($path = '')\r
-       {\r
-               $this->cachedir = $path;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Enable Query Caching\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */             \r
-       function cache_on()\r
-       {\r
-               $this->cache_on = TRUE;\r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Disable Query Caching\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */     \r
-       function cache_off()\r
-       {\r
-               $this->cache_on = FALSE;\r
-               return FALSE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */             \r
-       function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! $this->_cache_init())\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-               return $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two);\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Delete All cache files\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */             \r
-       function cache_delete_all()\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! $this->_cache_init())\r
-               {\r
-                       return FALSE;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               return $this->CACHE->delete_all();\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Initialize the Cache Class\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      private\r
-        * @return      void\r
-        */     \r
-       function _cache_init()\r
-       {\r
-               if (is_object($this->CACHE) AND class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))\r
-               {\r
-                       return TRUE;\r
-               }\r
-       \r
-               if ( ! @include(BASEPATH.'database/DB_cache'.EXT))\r
-               {\r
-                       return $this->cache_off();\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $this->CACHE = new CI_DB_Cache($this); // pass db object to support multiple db connections and returned db objects\r
-               return TRUE;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Close DB Connection\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @return      void            \r
-        */     \r
-       function close()\r
-       {\r
-               if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))\r
-               {\r
-                       $this->_close($this->conn_id);\r
-               }\r
-               $this->conn_id = FALSE;\r
-       }\r
-       \r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Display an error message\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      public\r
-        * @param       string  the error message\r
-        * @param       string  any "swap" values\r
-        * @param       boolean whether to localize the message\r
-        * @return      string  sends the application/error_db.php template             \r
-        */     \r
-       function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)\r
-       {\r
-               $LANG =& load_class('Language');\r
-               $LANG->load('db');\r
-\r
-               $heading = $LANG->line('db_error_heading');\r
-\r
-               if ($native == TRUE)\r
-               {\r
-                       $message = $error;\r
-               }\r
-               else\r
-               {\r
-                       $message = ( ! is_array($error)) ? array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error))) : $error;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               $error =& load_class('Exceptions');\r
-               echo $error->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_db');\r
-               exit;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Protect Identifiers\r
-        *\r
-        * This function adds backticks if appropriate based on db type\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      private\r
-        * @param       mixed   the item to escape\r
-        * @return      mixed   the item with backticks\r
-        */\r
-       function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE)\r
-       {\r
-               return $this->_protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single);\r
-       }\r
-\r
-       // --------------------------------------------------------------------\r
-\r
-       /**\r
-        * Protect Identifiers\r
-        *\r
-        * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by\r
-        * a couple functions in this class. \r
-        * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts\r
-        * the table prefix onto it.  Some logic is necessary in order to deal with\r
-        * column names that include the path.  Consider a query like this:\r
-        *\r
-        * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table\r
-        *\r
-        * Or a query with aliasing:\r
-        *\r
-        * SELECT m.member_id, m.member_name FROM members AS m\r
-        *\r
-        * Since the column name can include up to four segments (host, DB, table, column)\r
-        * or also have an alias prefix, we need to do a bit of work to figure this out and\r
-        * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only\r
-        * the correct identifiers.\r
-        *\r
-        * @access      private\r
-        * @param       string\r
-        * @param       bool\r
-        * @param       mixed\r
-        * @param       bool\r
-        * @return      string\r
-        */     \r
-       function _protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)\r
-       {\r
-               if ( ! is_bool($protect_identifiers))\r
-               {\r
-                       $protect_identifiers = $this->_protect_identifiers;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Convert tabs or multiple spaces into single spaces\r
-               $item = preg_replace('/[\t| ]+/', ' ', $item);\r
-       \r
-               // If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.\r
-               // Basically we remove everything to the right of the first space\r
-               $alias = '';\r
-               if (strpos($item, ' ') !== FALSE)\r
-               {               \r
-                       $alias = strstr($item, " ");\r
-                       $item = substr($item, 0, - strlen($alias));\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // Break the string apart if it contains periods, then insert the table prefix\r
-               // in the correct location, assuming the period doesn't indicate that we're dealing\r
-               // with an alias. While we're at it, we will escape the components\r
-               if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)\r
-               {\r
-                       $parts  = explode('.', $item);\r
-                       \r
-                       // Does the first segment of the exploded item match\r
-                       // one of the aliases previously identified?  If so,\r
-                       // we have nothing more to do other then escape the item\r
-                       if (in_array($parts[0], $this->ar_aliased_tables))\r
-                       {                               \r
-                               if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)\r
-                               {\r
-                                       foreach ($parts as $key => $val)\r
-                                       {\r
-                                               if ( ! in_array($val, $this->_reserved_identifiers))\r
-                                               {\r
-                                                       $parts[$key] = $this->_escape_identifiers($val);\r
-                                               }\r
-                                       }\r
-                               \r
-                                       $item = implode('.', $parts);\r
-                               }                       \r
-                               return $item.$alias;\r
-                       }\r
-                       \r
-                       // Is there a table prefix defined in the config file?  If not, no need to do anything\r
-                       if ($this->dbprefix != '')\r
-                       {\r
-                               // We now add the table prefix based on some logic.\r
-                               // Do we have 4 segments (hostname.database.table.column)?\r
-                               // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in the 3rd segment.\r
-                               if (isset($parts[3]))\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $i = 2;\r
-                               }\r
-                               // Do we have 3 segments (database.table.column)?\r
-                               // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 2nd position\r
-                               elseif (isset($parts[2]))\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $i = 1;\r
-                               }\r
-                               // Do we have 2 segments (table.column)?\r
-                               // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 1st segment\r
-                               else\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $i = 0;\r
-                               }\r
-                               \r
-                               // This flag is set when the supplied $item does not contain a field name.\r
-                               // This can happen when this function is being called from a JOIN.\r
-                               if ($field_exists == FALSE)\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $i++;\r
-                               }\r
-                               \r
-                               // We only add the table prefix if it does not already exist\r
-                               if (substr($parts[$i], 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)\r
-                               {\r
-                                       $parts[$i] = $this->dbprefix.$parts[$i];\r
-                               }\r
-                               \r
-                               // Put the parts back together\r
-                               $item = implode('.', $parts);\r
-                       }\r
-                       \r
-                       if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);\r
-                       }\r
-                       \r
-                       return $item.$alias;\r
-               }\r
-\r
-               // This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.\r
-               // If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to \r
-               // escape the data or add a prefix.  There's probably a more graceful\r
-               // way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick\r
-               if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)\r
-               {\r
-                       return $item.$alias;\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               // Is there a table prefix?  If not, no need to insert it\r
-               if ($this->dbprefix != '')\r
-               {\r
-                       // Do we prefix an item with no segments?\r
-                       if ($prefix_single == TRUE AND substr($item, 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)\r
-                       {\r
-                               $item = $this->dbprefix.$item;\r
-                       }               \r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE AND ! in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))\r
-               {\r
-                       $item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);\r
-               }\r
-               \r
-               return $item.$alias;\r
-       }\r
-\r
-\r
-}\r
-\r
-\r
-/* End of file DB_driver.php */\r
+<?php  if ( ! defined('BASEPATH')) exit('No direct script access allowed');
+/**
+ * CodeIgniter
+ *
+ * An open source application development framework for PHP 4.3.2 or newer
+ *
+ * @package            CodeIgniter
+ * @author             ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @copyright  Copyright (c) 2008, EllisLab, Inc.
+ * @license            http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/license.html
+ * @link               http://codeigniter.com
+ * @since              Version 1.0
+ * @filesource
+ */
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Database Driver Class
+ *
+ * This is the platform-independent base DB implementation class.
+ * This class will not be called directly. Rather, the adapter
+ * class for the specific database will extend and instantiate it.
+ *
+ * @package            CodeIgniter
+ * @subpackage Drivers
+ * @category   Database
+ * @author             ExpressionEngine Dev Team
+ * @link               http://codeigniter.com/user_guide/database/
+ */
+class CI_DB_driver {
+
+       var $username;
+       var $password;
+       var $hostname;
+       var $database;
+       var $dbdriver           = 'mysql';
+       var $dbprefix           = '';
+       var $char_set           = 'utf8';
+       var $dbcollat           = 'utf8_general_ci';
+       var $autoinit           = TRUE; // Whether to automatically initialize the DB
+       var $swap_pre           = '';
+       var $port                       = '';
+       var $pconnect           = FALSE;
+       var $conn_id            = FALSE;
+       var $result_id          = FALSE;
+       var $db_debug           = FALSE;
+       var $benchmark          = 0;
+       var $query_count        = 0;
+       var $bind_marker        = '?';
+       var $save_queries       = TRUE;
+       var $queries            = array();
+       var $query_times        = array();
+       var $data_cache         = array();
+       var $trans_enabled      = TRUE;
+       var $trans_strict       = TRUE;
+       var $_trans_depth       = 0;
+       var $_trans_status      = TRUE; // Used with transactions to determine if a rollback should occur
+       var $cache_on           = FALSE;
+       var $cachedir           = '';
+       var $cache_autodel      = FALSE;
+       var $CACHE; // The cache class object
+
+       // Private variables
+       var $_protect_identifiers       = TRUE;
+       var $_reserved_identifiers      = array('*'); // Identifiers that should NOT be escaped
+
+       // These are use with Oracle
+       var $stmt_id;
+       var $curs_id;
+       var $limit_used;
+
+
+       
+       /**
+        * Constructor.  Accepts one parameter containing the database
+        * connection settings.
+        *
+        * @param array
+        */     
+       function CI_DB_driver($params)
+       {
+               if (is_array($params))
+               {
+                       foreach ($params as $key => $val)
+                       {
+                               $this->$key = $val;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               log_message('debug', 'Database Driver Class Initialized');
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Initialize Database Settings
+        *
+        * @access      private Called by the constructor
+        * @param       mixed
+        * @return      void
+        */     
+       function initialize()
+       {
+               // If an existing connection resource is available
+               // there is no need to connect and select the database
+               if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
+               {
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+       
+               // ----------------------------------------------------------------
+               
+               // Connect to the database and set the connection ID
+               $this->conn_id = ($this->pconnect == FALSE) ? $this->db_connect() : $this->db_pconnect();
+
+               // No connection resource?  Throw an error
+               if ( ! $this->conn_id)
+               {
+                       log_message('error', 'Unable to connect to the database');
+                       
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               $this->display_error('db_unable_to_connect');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               // ----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+               // Select the DB... assuming a database name is specified in the config file
+               if ($this->database != '')
+               {
+                       if ( ! $this->db_select())
+                       {
+                               log_message('error', 'Unable to select database: '.$this->database);
+                       
+                               if ($this->db_debug)
+                               {
+                                       $this->display_error('db_unable_to_select', $this->database);
+                               }
+                               return FALSE;                   
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               // We've selected the DB. Now we set the character set
+                               if ( ! $this->db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+                               {
+                                       return FALSE;
+                               }
+               
+                               return TRUE;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+               
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Set client character set
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string
+        * @param       string
+        * @return      resource
+        */
+       function db_set_charset($charset, $collation)
+       {
+               if ( ! $this->_db_set_charset($this->char_set, $this->dbcollat))
+               {
+                       log_message('error', 'Unable to set database connection charset: '.$this->char_set);
+               
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               $this->display_error('db_unable_to_set_charset', $this->char_set);
+                       }
+                       
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * The name of the platform in use (mysql, mssql, etc...)
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      string          
+        */     
+       function platform()
+       {
+               return $this->dbdriver;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Database Version Number.  Returns a string containing the
+        * version of the database being used
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      string  
+        */     
+       function version()
+       {
+               if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_version()))
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')
+               {
+                       return $sql;
+               }
+       
+               $query = $this->query($sql);
+               return $query->row('ver');
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Execute the query
+        *
+        * Accepts an SQL string as input and returns a result object upon
+        * successful execution of a "read" type query.  Returns boolean TRUE
+        * upon successful execution of a "write" type query. Returns boolean
+        * FALSE upon failure, and if the $db_debug variable is set to TRUE
+        * will raise an error.
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  An SQL query string
+        * @param       array   An array of binding data
+        * @return      mixed           
+        */     
+       function query($sql, $binds = FALSE, $return_object = TRUE)
+       {
+               if ($sql == '')
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               log_message('error', 'Invalid query: '.$sql);
+                               return $this->display_error('db_invalid_query');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               // Verify table prefix and replace if necessary
+               if ( ($this->dbprefix != '' AND $this->swap_pre != '') AND ($this->dbprefix != $this->swap_pre) )
+               {                       
+                       $sql = preg_replace("/(\W)".$this->swap_pre."(\S+?)/", "\\1".$this->dbprefix."\\2", $sql);
+               }
+               
+               // Is query caching enabled?  If the query is a "read type"
+               // we will load the caching class and return the previously
+               // cached query if it exists
+               if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND stristr($sql, 'SELECT'))
+               {
+                       if ($this->_cache_init())
+                       {
+                               $this->load_rdriver();
+                               if (FALSE !== ($cache = $this->CACHE->read($sql)))
+                               {
+                                       return $cache;
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+               
+               // Compile binds if needed
+               if ($binds !== FALSE)
+               {
+                       $sql = $this->compile_binds($sql, $binds);
+               }
+
+               // Save the  query for debugging
+               if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+               {
+                       $this->queries[] = $sql;
+               }
+               
+               // Start the Query Timer
+               $time_start = list($sm, $ss) = explode(' ', microtime());
+       
+               // Run the Query
+               if (FALSE === ($this->result_id = $this->simple_query($sql)))
+               {
+                       if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+                       {
+                               $this->query_times[] = 0;
+                       }
+               
+                       // This will trigger a rollback if transactions are being used
+                       $this->_trans_status = FALSE;
+
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               // grab the error number and message now, as we might run some
+                               // additional queries before displaying the error
+                               $error_no = $this->_error_number();
+                               $error_msg = $this->_error_message();
+                               
+                               // We call this function in order to roll-back queries
+                               // if transactions are enabled.  If we don't call this here
+                               // the error message will trigger an exit, causing the 
+                               // transactions to remain in limbo.
+                               $this->trans_complete();
+
+                               // Log and display errors
+                               log_message('error', 'Query error: '.$error_msg);
+                               return $this->display_error(
+                                                                               array(
+                                                                                               'Error Number: '.$error_no,
+                                                                                               $error_msg,
+                                                                                               $sql
+                                                                                       )
+                                                                               );
+                       }
+               
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               // Stop and aggregate the query time results
+               $time_end = list($em, $es) = explode(' ', microtime());
+               $this->benchmark += ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);
+
+               if ($this->save_queries == TRUE)
+               {
+                       $this->query_times[] = ($em + $es) - ($sm + $ss);
+               }
+               
+               // Increment the query counter
+               $this->query_count++;
+               
+               // Was the query a "write" type?
+               // If so we'll simply return true
+               if ($this->is_write_type($sql) === TRUE)
+               {
+                       // If caching is enabled we'll auto-cleanup any
+                       // existing files related to this particular URI
+                       if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->cache_autodel == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())
+                       {
+                               $this->CACHE->delete();
+                       }
+               
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+               
+               // Return TRUE if we don't need to create a result object
+               // Currently only the Oracle driver uses this when stored
+               // procedures are used
+               if ($return_object !== TRUE)
+               {
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+       
+               // Load and instantiate the result driver       
+               
+               $driver                 = $this->load_rdriver();
+               $RES                    = new $driver();
+               $RES->conn_id   = $this->conn_id;
+               $RES->result_id = $this->result_id;
+
+               if ($this->dbdriver == 'oci8')
+               {
+                       $RES->stmt_id           = $this->stmt_id;
+                       $RES->curs_id           = NULL;
+                       $RES->limit_used        = $this->limit_used;
+                       $this->stmt_id          = FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               // oci8 vars must be set before calling this
+               $RES->num_rows  = $RES->num_rows();
+                               
+               // Is query caching enabled?  If so, we'll serialize the
+               // result object and save it to a cache file.
+               if ($this->cache_on == TRUE AND $this->_cache_init())
+               {
+                       // We'll create a new instance of the result object
+                       // only without the platform specific driver since
+                       // we can't use it with cached data (the query result
+                       // resource ID won't be any good once we've cached the
+                       // result object, so we'll have to compile the data
+                       // and save it)
+                       $CR = new CI_DB_result();
+                       $CR->num_rows           = $RES->num_rows();
+                       $CR->result_object      = $RES->result_object();
+                       $CR->result_array       = $RES->result_array();
+                       
+                       // Reset these since cached objects can not utilize resource IDs.
+                       $CR->conn_id            = NULL;
+                       $CR->result_id          = NULL;
+
+                       $this->CACHE->write($sql, $CR);
+               }
+               
+               return $RES;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Load the result drivers
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      string  the name of the result class            
+        */             
+       function load_rdriver()
+       {
+               $driver = 'CI_DB_'.$this->dbdriver.'_result';
+
+               if ( ! class_exists($driver))
+               {
+                       include_once(BASEPATH.'database/DB_result'.EXT);
+                       include_once(BASEPATH.'database/drivers/'.$this->dbdriver.'/'.$this->dbdriver.'_result'.EXT);
+               }
+               
+               return $driver;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Simple Query
+        * This is a simplified version of the query() function.  Internally
+        * we only use it when running transaction commands since they do
+        * not require all the features of the main query() function.
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the sql query
+        * @return      mixed           
+        */     
+       function simple_query($sql)
+       {
+               if ( ! $this->conn_id)
+               {
+                       $this->initialize();
+               }
+
+               return $this->_execute($sql);
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Disable Transactions
+        * This permits transactions to be disabled at run-time.
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void            
+        */     
+       function trans_off()
+       {
+               $this->trans_enabled = FALSE;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Enable/disable Transaction Strict Mode
+        * When strict mode is enabled, if you are running multiple groups of
+        * transactions, if one group fails all groups will be rolled back.
+        * If strict mode is disabled, each group is treated autonomously, meaning
+        * a failure of one group will not affect any others
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void            
+        */     
+       function trans_strict($mode = TRUE)
+       {
+               $this->trans_strict = is_bool($mode) ? $mode : TRUE;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Start Transaction
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void            
+        */     
+       function trans_start($test_mode = FALSE)
+       {       
+               if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+               if ($this->_trans_depth > 0)
+               {
+                       $this->_trans_depth += 1;
+                       return;
+               }
+               
+               $this->trans_begin($test_mode);
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Complete Transaction
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      bool            
+        */     
+       function trans_complete()
+       {
+               if ( ! $this->trans_enabled)
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+       
+               // When transactions are nested we only begin/commit/rollback the outermost ones
+               if ($this->_trans_depth > 1)
+               {
+                       $this->_trans_depth -= 1;
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+       
+               // The query() function will set this flag to FALSE in the event that a query failed
+               if ($this->_trans_status === FALSE)
+               {
+                       $this->trans_rollback();
+                       
+                       // If we are NOT running in strict mode, we will reset
+                       // the _trans_status flag so that subsequent groups of transactions
+                       // will be permitted.
+                       if ($this->trans_strict === FALSE)
+                       {
+                               $this->_trans_status = TRUE;
+                       }
+
+                       log_message('debug', 'DB Transaction Failure');
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               $this->trans_commit();
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Lets you retrieve the transaction flag to determine if it has failed
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      bool            
+        */     
+       function trans_status()
+       {
+               return $this->_trans_status;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Compile Bindings
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the sql statement
+        * @param       array   an array of bind data
+        * @return      string          
+        */     
+       function compile_binds($sql, $binds)
+       {
+               if (strpos($sql, $this->bind_marker) === FALSE)
+               {
+                       return $sql;
+               }
+               
+               if ( ! is_array($binds))
+               {
+                       $binds = array($binds);
+               }
+               
+               // Get the sql segments around the bind markers
+               $segments = explode($this->bind_marker, $sql);
+
+               // The count of bind should be 1 less then the count of segments
+               // If there are more bind arguments trim it down
+               if (count($binds) >= count($segments)) {
+                       $binds = array_slice($binds, 0, count($segments)-1);
+               }
+
+               // Construct the binded query
+               $result = $segments[0];
+               $i = 0;
+               foreach ($binds as $bind)
+               {
+                       $result .= $this->escape($bind);
+                       $result .= $segments[++$i];
+               }
+
+               return $result;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Determines if a query is a "write" type.
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  An SQL query string
+        * @return      boolean         
+        */     
+       function is_write_type($sql)
+       {
+               if ( ! preg_match('/^\s*"?(SET|INSERT|UPDATE|DELETE|REPLACE|CREATE|DROP|LOAD DATA|COPY|ALTER|GRANT|REVOKE|LOCK|UNLOCK)\s+/i', $sql))
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Calculate the aggregate query elapsed time
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       integer The number of decimal places
+        * @return      integer         
+        */     
+       function elapsed_time($decimals = 6)
+       {
+               return number_format($this->benchmark, $decimals);
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the total number of queries
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      integer         
+        */     
+       function total_queries()
+       {
+               return $this->query_count;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns the last query that was executed
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void            
+        */     
+       function last_query()
+       {
+               return end($this->queries);
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * "Smart" Escape String
+        *
+        * Escapes data based on type
+        * Sets boolean and null types
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string
+        * @return      integer         
+        */     
+       function escape($str)
+       {       
+               switch (gettype($str))
+               {
+                       case 'string'   :       $str = "'".$this->escape_str($str)."'";
+                               break;
+                       case 'boolean'  :       $str = ($str === FALSE) ? 0 : 1;
+                               break;
+                       default                 :       $str = ($str === NULL) ? 'NULL' : $str;
+                               break;
+               }               
+
+               return $str;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Primary
+        *
+        * Retrieves the primary key.  It assumes that the row in the first
+        * position is the primary key
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the table name
+        * @return      string          
+        */     
+       function primary($table = '')
+       {       
+               $fields = $this->list_fields($table);
+               
+               if ( ! is_array($fields))
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               return current($fields);
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns an array of table names
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      array           
+        */     
+       function list_tables($constrain_by_prefix = FALSE)
+       {
+               // Is there a cached result?
+               if (isset($this->data_cache['table_names']))
+               {
+                       return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
+               }
+       
+               if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_tables($constrain_by_prefix)))
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               $retval = array();
+               $query = $this->query($sql);
+               
+               if ($query->num_rows() > 0)
+               {
+                       foreach($query->result_array() as $row)
+                       {
+                               if (isset($row['TABLE_NAME']))
+                               {
+                                       $retval[] = $row['TABLE_NAME'];
+                               }
+                               else
+                               {
+                                       $retval[] = array_shift($row);
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+
+               $this->data_cache['table_names'] = $retval;
+               return $this->data_cache['table_names'];
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Determine if a particular table exists
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      boolean
+        */
+       function table_exists($table_name)
+       {       
+               return ( ! in_array($this->_protect_identifiers($table_name, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE), $this->list_tables())) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Fetch MySQL Field Names
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the table name
+        * @return      array           
+        */
+       function list_fields($table = '')
+       {
+               // Is there a cached result?
+               if (isset($this->data_cache['field_names'][$table]))
+               {
+                       return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
+               }
+       
+               if ($table == '')
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               if (FALSE === ($sql = $this->_list_columns($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE))))
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               $query = $this->query($sql);
+               
+               $retval = array();
+               foreach($query->result_array() as $row)
+               {
+                       if (isset($row['COLUMN_NAME']))
+                       {
+                               $retval[] = $row['COLUMN_NAME'];
+                       }
+                       else
+                       {
+                               $retval[] = current($row);
+                       }               
+               }
+               
+               $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table] = $retval;
+               return $this->data_cache['field_names'][$table];
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Determine if a particular field exists
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string
+        * @param       string
+        * @return      boolean
+        */
+       function field_exists($field_name, $table_name)
+       {       
+               return ( ! in_array($field_name, $this->list_fields($table_name))) ? FALSE : TRUE;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Returns an object with field data
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the table name
+        * @return      object          
+        */     
+       function field_data($table = '')
+       {
+               if ($table == '')
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               return $this->display_error('db_field_param_missing');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               
+               $query = $this->query($this->_field_data($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE)));
+
+               return $query->field_data();
+       }       
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+       
+       /**
+        * Generate an insert string
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the table upon which the query will be performed
+        * @param       array   an associative array data of key/values
+        * @return      string          
+        */     
+       function insert_string($table, $data)
+       {
+               $fields = array();
+               $values = array();
+               
+               foreach($data as $key => $val)
+               {
+                       $fields[] = $this->_escape_identifiers($key);
+                       $values[] = $this->escape($val);
+               }
+                               
+               return $this->_insert($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $values);
+       }       
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Generate an update string
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the table upon which the query will be performed
+        * @param       array   an associative array data of key/values
+        * @param       mixed   the "where" statement
+        * @return      string          
+        */     
+       function update_string($table, $data, $where)
+       {
+               if ($where == '')
+               {
+                       return false;
+               }
+                                       
+               $fields = array();
+               foreach($data as $key => $val)
+               {
+                       $fields[$this->_protect_identifiers($key)] = $this->escape($val);
+               }
+
+               if ( ! is_array($where))
+               {
+                       $dest = array($where);
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       $dest = array();
+                       foreach ($where as $key => $val)
+                       {
+                               $prefix = (count($dest) == 0) ? '' : ' AND ';
+       
+                               if ($val !== '')
+                               {
+                                       if ( ! $this->_has_operator($key))
+                                       {
+                                               $key .= ' =';
+                                       }
+                               
+                                       $val = ' '.$this->escape($val);
+                               }
+                                                       
+                               $dest[] = $prefix.$key.$val;
+                       }
+               }               
+
+               return $this->_update($this->_protect_identifiers($table, TRUE, NULL, FALSE), $fields, $dest);
+       }       
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Tests whether the string has an SQL operator
+        *
+        * @access      private
+        * @param       string
+        * @return      bool
+        */
+       function _has_operator($str)
+       {
+               $str = trim($str);
+               if ( ! preg_match("/(\s|<|>|!|=|is null|is not null)/i", $str))
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Enables a native PHP function to be run, using a platform agnostic wrapper.
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the function name
+        * @param       mixed   any parameters needed by the function
+        * @return      mixed           
+        */     
+       function call_function($function)
+       {
+               $driver = ($this->dbdriver == 'postgre') ? 'pg_' : $this->dbdriver.'_';
+       
+               if (FALSE === strpos($driver, $function))
+               {
+                       $function = $driver.$function;
+               }
+               
+               if ( ! function_exists($function))
+               {
+                       if ($this->db_debug)
+                       {
+                               return $this->display_error('db_unsupported_function');
+                       }
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       $args = (func_num_args() > 1) ? array_splice(func_get_args(), 1) : null;
+
+                       return call_user_func_array($function, $args);
+               }
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Set Cache Directory Path
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the path to the cache directory
+        * @return      void
+        */             
+       function cache_set_path($path = '')
+       {
+               $this->cachedir = $path;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Enable Query Caching
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void
+        */             
+       function cache_on()
+       {
+               $this->cache_on = TRUE;
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Disable Query Caching
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void
+        */     
+       function cache_off()
+       {
+               $this->cache_on = FALSE;
+               return FALSE;
+       }
+       
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Delete the cache files associated with a particular URI
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void
+        */             
+       function cache_delete($segment_one = '', $segment_two = '')
+       {
+               if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+               return $this->CACHE->delete($segment_one, $segment_two);
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Delete All cache files
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void
+        */             
+       function cache_delete_all()
+       {
+               if ( ! $this->_cache_init())
+               {
+                       return FALSE;
+               }
+
+               return $this->CACHE->delete_all();
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Initialize the Cache Class
+        *
+        * @access      private
+        * @return      void
+        */     
+       function _cache_init()
+       {
+               if (is_object($this->CACHE) AND class_exists('CI_DB_Cache'))
+               {
+                       return TRUE;
+               }
+       
+               if ( ! @include(BASEPATH.'database/DB_cache'.EXT))
+               {
+                       return $this->cache_off();
+               }
+               
+               $this->CACHE = new CI_DB_Cache($this); // pass db object to support multiple db connections and returned db objects
+               return TRUE;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Close DB Connection
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @return      void            
+        */     
+       function close()
+       {
+               if (is_resource($this->conn_id) OR is_object($this->conn_id))
+               {
+                       $this->_close($this->conn_id);
+               }
+               $this->conn_id = FALSE;
+       }
+       
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Display an error message
+        *
+        * @access      public
+        * @param       string  the error message
+        * @param       string  any "swap" values
+        * @param       boolean whether to localize the message
+        * @return      string  sends the application/error_db.php template             
+        */     
+       function display_error($error = '', $swap = '', $native = FALSE)
+       {
+               $LANG =& load_class('Language');
+               $LANG->load('db');
+
+               $heading = $LANG->line('db_error_heading');
+
+               if ($native == TRUE)
+               {
+                       $message = $error;
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       $message = ( ! is_array($error)) ? array(str_replace('%s', $swap, $LANG->line($error))) : $error;
+               }
+               
+               $error =& load_class('Exceptions');
+               echo $error->show_error($heading, $message, 'error_db');
+               exit;
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Protect Identifiers
+        *
+        * This function adds backticks if appropriate based on db type
+        *
+        * @access      private
+        * @param       mixed   the item to escape
+        * @return      mixed   the item with backticks
+        */
+       function protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE)
+       {
+               return $this->_protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single);
+       }
+
+       // --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+       /**
+        * Protect Identifiers
+        *
+        * This function is used extensively by the Active Record class, and by
+        * a couple functions in this class. 
+        * It takes a column or table name (optionally with an alias) and inserts
+        * the table prefix onto it.  Some logic is necessary in order to deal with
+        * column names that include the path.  Consider a query like this:
+        *
+        * SELECT * FROM hostname.database.table.column AS c FROM hostname.database.table
+        *
+        * Or a query with aliasing:
+        *
+        * SELECT m.member_id, m.member_name FROM members AS m
+        *
+        * Since the column name can include up to four segments (host, DB, table, column)
+        * or also have an alias prefix, we need to do a bit of work to figure this out and
+        * insert the table prefix (if it exists) in the proper position, and escape only
+        * the correct identifiers.
+        *
+        * @access      private
+        * @param       string
+        * @param       bool
+        * @param       mixed
+        * @param       bool
+        * @return      string
+        */     
+       function _protect_identifiers($item, $prefix_single = FALSE, $protect_identifiers = NULL, $field_exists = TRUE)
+       {
+               if ( ! is_bool($protect_identifiers))
+               {
+                       $protect_identifiers = $this->_protect_identifiers;
+               }
+               
+               // Convert tabs or multiple spaces into single spaces
+               $item = preg_replace('/[\t| ]+/', ' ', $item);
+       
+               // If the item has an alias declaration we remove it and set it aside.
+               // Basically we remove everything to the right of the first space
+               $alias = '';
+               if (strpos($item, ' ') !== FALSE)
+               {               
+                       $alias = strstr($item, " ");
+                       $item = substr($item, 0, - strlen($alias));
+               }
+
+               // Break the string apart if it contains periods, then insert the table prefix
+               // in the correct location, assuming the period doesn't indicate that we're dealing
+               // with an alias. While we're at it, we will escape the components
+               if (strpos($item, '.') !== FALSE)
+               {
+                       $parts  = explode('.', $item);
+                       
+                       // Does the first segment of the exploded item match
+                       // one of the aliases previously identified?  If so,
+                       // we have nothing more to do other then escape the item
+                       if (in_array($parts[0], $this->ar_aliased_tables))
+                       {                               
+                               if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)
+                               {
+                                       foreach ($parts as $key => $val)
+                                       {
+                                               if ( ! in_array($val, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
+                                               {
+                                                       $parts[$key] = $this->_escape_identifiers($val);
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               
+                                       $item = implode('.', $parts);
+                               }                       
+                               return $item.$alias;
+                       }
+                       
+                       // Is there a table prefix defined in the config file?  If not, no need to do anything
+                       if ($this->dbprefix != '')
+                       {
+                               // We now add the table prefix based on some logic.
+                               // Do we have 4 segments (hostname.database.table.column)?
+                               // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in the 3rd segment.
+                               if (isset($parts[3]))
+                               {
+                                       $i = 2;
+                               }
+                               // Do we have 3 segments (database.table.column)?
+                               // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 2nd position
+                               elseif (isset($parts[2]))
+                               {
+                                       $i = 1;
+                               }
+                               // Do we have 2 segments (table.column)?
+                               // If so, we add the table prefix to the column name in 1st segment
+                               else
+                               {
+                                       $i = 0;
+                               }
+                               
+                               // This flag is set when the supplied $item does not contain a field name.
+                               // This can happen when this function is being called from a JOIN.
+                               if ($field_exists == FALSE)
+                               {
+                                       $i++;
+                               }
+                               
+                               // We only add the table prefix if it does not already exist
+                               if (substr($parts[$i], 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)
+                               {
+                                       $parts[$i] = $this->dbprefix.$parts[$i];
+                               }
+                               
+                               // Put the parts back together
+                               $item = implode('.', $parts);
+                       }
+                       
+                       if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE)
+                       {
+                               $item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);
+                       }
+                       
+                       return $item.$alias;
+               }
+
+               // This is basically a bug fix for queries that use MAX, MIN, etc.
+               // If a parenthesis is found we know that we do not need to 
+               // escape the data or add a prefix.  There's probably a more graceful
+               // way to deal with this, but I'm not thinking of it -- Rick
+               if (strpos($item, '(') !== FALSE)
+               {
+                       return $item.$alias;
+               }
+               
+               // Is there a table prefix?  If not, no need to insert it
+               if ($this->dbprefix != '')
+               {
+                       // Do we prefix an item with no segments?
+                       if ($prefix_single == TRUE AND substr($item, 0, strlen($this->dbprefix)) != $this->dbprefix)
+                       {
+                               $item = $this->dbprefix.$item;
+                       }               
+               }
+               
+               if ($protect_identifiers === TRUE AND ! in_array($item, $this->_reserved_identifiers))
+               {
+                       $item = $this->_escape_identifiers($item);
+               }
+               
+               return $item.$alias;
+       }
+
+
+}
+
+
+/* End of file DB_driver.php */
 /* Location: ./system/database/DB_driver.php */
\ No newline at end of file