fs/exec.c

   1 /*
   2  *  linux/fs/exec.c
   3  *
   4  *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992  Linus Torvalds
   5  */
   6
   7 /*
   8  * #!-checking implemented by tytso.
   9  */
  10 /*
  11  * Demand-loading implemented 01.12.91 - no need to read anything but
  12  * the header into memory. The inode of the executable is put into
  13  * "current->executable", and page faults do the actual loading. Clean.
  14  *
  15  * Once more I can proudly say that linux stood up to being changed: it
  16  * was less than 2 hours work to get demand-loading completely implemented.
  17  *
  18  * Demand loading changed July 1993 by Eric Youngdale.   Use mmap instead,
  19  * current->executable is only used by the procfs.  This allows a dispatch
  20  * table to check for several different types  of binary formats.  We keep
  21  * trying until we recognize the file or we run out of supported binary
  22  * formats.
  23  */
  24
  25 #include <linux/config.h>
  26 #include <linux/slab.h>
  27 #include <linux/file.h>
  28 #include <linux/mman.h>
  29 #include <linux/a.out.h>
  30 #include <linux/stat.h>
  31 #include <linux/fcntl.h>
  32 #include <linux/smp_lock.h>
  33 #include <linux/init.h>
  34 #include <linux/pagemap.h>
  35 #include <linux/highmem.h>
  36 #include <linux/spinlock.h>
  37 #include <linux/personality.h>
  38 #include <linux/binfmts.h>
  39 #include <linux/swap.h>
  40 #include <linux/utsname.h>
  41 #include <linux/module.h>
  42 #include <linux/namei.h>
  43 #include <linux/proc_fs.h>
  44 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
  45 #include <linux/mount.h>
  46 #include <linux/security.h>
  47 #include <linux/syscalls.h>
  48 #include <linux/rmap.h>
  49 #include <linux/ckrm.h>
  50
  51 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
  52 #include <asm/mmu_context.h>
  53
  54 #ifdef CONFIG_KMOD
  55 #include <linux/kmod.h>
  56 #endif
  57
  58 int core_uses_pid;
  59 char core_pattern[65] = "core";
  60 /* The maximal length of core_pattern is also specified in sysctl.c */
  61
  62 static struct linux_binfmt *formats;
  63 static rwlock_t binfmt_lock = RW_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
  64
  65 int register_binfmt(struct linux_binfmt * fmt)
  66 {
  67         struct linux_binfmt ** tmp = &formats;
  68
  69         if (!fmt)
  70                 return -EINVAL;
  71         if (fmt->next)
  72                 return -EBUSY;
  73         write_lock(&binfmt_lock);
  74         while (*tmp) {
  75                 if (fmt == *tmp) {
  76                         write_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
  77                         return -EBUSY;
  78                 }
  79                 tmp = &(*tmp)->next;
  80         }
  81         fmt->next = formats;
  82         formats = fmt;
  83         write_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
  84         return 0;
  85 }
  86
  87 EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_binfmt);
  88
  89 int unregister_binfmt(struct linux_binfmt * fmt)
  90 {
  91         struct linux_binfmt ** tmp = &formats;
  92
  93         write_lock(&binfmt_lock);
  94         while (*tmp) {
  95                 if (fmt == *tmp) {
  96                         *tmp = fmt->next;
  97                         write_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
  98                         return 0;
  99                 }
 100                 tmp = &(*tmp)->next;
 101         }
 102         write_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
 103         return -EINVAL;
 104 }
 105
 106 EXPORT_SYMBOL(unregister_binfmt);
 107
 108 static inline void put_binfmt(struct linux_binfmt * fmt)
 109 {
 110         module_put(fmt->module);
 111 }
 112
 113 /*
 114  * Note that a shared library must be both readable and executable due to
 115  * security reasons.
 116  *
 117  * Also note that we take the address to load from from the file itself.
 118  */
 119 asmlinkage long sys_uselib(const char __user * library)
 120 {
 121         struct file * file;
 122         struct nameidata nd;
 123         int error;
 124
 125         nd.intent.open.flags = FMODE_READ;
 126         error = __user_walk(library, LOOKUP_FOLLOW|LOOKUP_OPEN, &nd);
 127         if (error)
 128                 goto out;
 129
 130         error = -EINVAL;
 131         if (!S_ISREG(nd.dentry->d_inode->i_mode))
 132                 goto exit;
 133
 134         error = permission(nd.dentry->d_inode, MAY_READ | MAY_EXEC, &nd);
 135         if (error)
 136                 goto exit;
 137
 138         file = dentry_open(nd.dentry, nd.mnt, O_RDONLY);
 139         error = PTR_ERR(file);
 140         if (IS_ERR(file))
 141                 goto out;
 142
 143         error = -ENOEXEC;
 144         if(file->f_op) {
 145                 struct linux_binfmt * fmt;
 146
 147                 read_lock(&binfmt_lock);
 148                 for (fmt = formats ; fmt ; fmt = fmt->next) {
 149                         if (!fmt->load_shlib)
 150                                 continue;
 151                         if (!try_module_get(fmt->module))
 152                                 continue;
 153                         read_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
 154                         error = fmt->load_shlib(file);
 155                         read_lock(&binfmt_lock);
 156                         put_binfmt(fmt);
 157                         if (error != -ENOEXEC)
 158                                 break;
 159                 }
 160                 read_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
 161         }
 162         fput(file);
 163 out:
 164         return error;
 165 exit:
 166         path_release(&nd);
 167         goto out;
 168 }
 169
 170 /*
 171  * count() counts the number of strings in array ARGV.
 172  */
 173 static int count(char __user * __user * argv, int max)
 174 {
 175         int i = 0;
 176
 177         if (argv != NULL) {
 178                 for (;;) {
 179                         char __user * p;
 180
 181                         if (get_user(p, argv))
 182                                 return -EFAULT;
 183                         if (!p)
 184                                 break;
 185                         argv++;
 186                         if(++i > max)
 187                                 return -E2BIG;
 188                 }
 189         }
 190         return i;
 191 }
 192
 193 /*
 194  * 'copy_strings()' copies argument/environment strings from user
 195  * memory to free pages in kernel mem. These are in a format ready
 196  * to be put directly into the top of new user memory.
 197  */
 198 int copy_strings(int argc,char __user * __user * argv, struct linux_binprm *bprm)
 199 {
 200         struct page *kmapped_page = NULL;
 201         char *kaddr = NULL;
 202         int ret;
 203
 204         while (argc-- > 0) {
 205                 char __user *str;
 206                 int len;
 207                 unsigned long pos;
 208
 209                 if (get_user(str, argv+argc) ||
 210                                 !(len = strnlen_user(str, bprm->p))) {
 211                         ret = -EFAULT;
 212                         goto out;
 213                 }
 214
 215                 if (bprm->p < len)  {
 216                         ret = -E2BIG;
 217                         goto out;
 218                 }
 219
 220                 bprm->p -= len;
 221                 /* XXX: add architecture specific overflow check here. */
 222                 pos = bprm->p;
 223
 224                 while (len > 0) {
 225                         int i, new, err;
 226                         int offset, bytes_to_copy;
 227                         struct page *page;
 228
 229                         offset = pos % PAGE_SIZE;
 230                         i = pos/PAGE_SIZE;
 231                         page = bprm->page[i];
 232                         new = 0;
 233                         if (!page) {
 234                                 page = alloc_page(GFP_HIGHUSER);
 235                                 bprm->page[i] = page;
 236                                 if (!page) {
 237                                         ret = -ENOMEM;
 238                                         goto out;
 239                                 }
 240                                 new = 1;
 241                         }
 242
 243                         if (page != kmapped_page) {
 244                                 if (kmapped_page)
 245                                         kunmap(kmapped_page);
 246                                 kmapped_page = page;
 247                                 kaddr = kmap(kmapped_page);
 248                         }
 249                         if (new && offset)
 250                                 memset(kaddr, 0, offset);
 251                         bytes_to_copy = PAGE_SIZE - offset;
 252                         if (bytes_to_copy > len) {
 253                                 bytes_to_copy = len;
 254                                 if (new)
 255                                         memset(kaddr+offset+len, 0,
 256                                                 PAGE_SIZE-offset-len);
 257                         }
 258                         err = copy_from_user(kaddr+offset, str, bytes_to_copy);
 259                         if (err) {
 260                                 ret = -EFAULT;
 261                                 goto out;
 262                         }
 263
 264                         pos += bytes_to_copy;
 265                         str += bytes_to_copy;
 266                         len -= bytes_to_copy;
 267                 }
 268         }
 269         ret = 0;
 270 out:
 271         if (kmapped_page)
 272                 kunmap(kmapped_page);
 273         return ret;
 274 }
 275
 276 /*
 277  * Like copy_strings, but get argv and its values from kernel memory.
 278  */
 279 int copy_strings_kernel(int argc,char ** argv, struct linux_binprm *bprm)
 280 {
 281         int r;
 282         mm_segment_t oldfs = get_fs();
 283         set_fs(KERNEL_DS);
 284         r = copy_strings(argc, (char __user * __user *)argv, bprm);
 285         set_fs(oldfs);
 286         return r;
 287 }
 288
 289 EXPORT_SYMBOL(copy_strings_kernel);
 290
 291 #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
 292 /*
 293  * This routine is used to map in a page into an address space: needed by
 294  * execve() for the initial stack and environment pages.
 295  *
 296  * vma->vm_mm->mmap_sem is held for writing.
 297  */
 298 void install_arg_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 299                         struct page *page, unsigned long address)
 300 {
 301         struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
 302         pgd_t * pgd;
 303         pmd_t * pmd;
 304         pte_t * pte;
 305
 306         if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
 307                 goto out_sig;
 308
 309         flush_dcache_page(page);
 310         pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
 311
 312         spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
 313         pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pgd, address);
 314         if (!pmd)
 315                 goto out;
 316         pte = pte_alloc_map(mm, pmd, address);
 317         if (!pte)
 318                 goto out;
 319         if (!pte_none(*pte)) {
 320                 pte_unmap(pte);
 321                 goto out;
 322         }
 323         // mm->rss++;
 324         vx_rsspages_inc(mm);
 325         lru_cache_add_active(page);
 326         set_pte(pte, pte_mkdirty(pte_mkwrite(mk_pte(
 327                                         page, vma->vm_page_prot))));
 328         page_add_anon_rmap(page, vma, address);
 329         pte_unmap(pte);
 330         spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
 331
 332         /* no need for flush_tlb */
 333         return;
 334 out:
 335         spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
 336 out_sig:
 337         __free_page(page);
 338         force_sig(SIGKILL, current);
 339 }
 340
 341 int setup_arg_pages(struct linux_binprm *bprm, int executable_stack)
 342 {
 343         unsigned long stack_base;
 344         struct vm_area_struct *mpnt;
 345         struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
 346         int i;
 347         long arg_size;
 348
 349 #ifdef CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP
 350         /* Move the argument and environment strings to the bottom of the
 351          * stack space.
 352          */
 353         int offset, j;
 354         char *to, *from;
 355
 356         /* Start by shifting all the pages down */
 357         i = 0;
 358         for (j = 0; j < MAX_ARG_PAGES; j++) {
 359                 struct page *page = bprm->page[j];
 360                 if (!page)
 361                         continue;
 362                 bprm->page[i++] = page;
 363         }
 364
 365         /* Now move them within their pages */
 366         offset = bprm->p % PAGE_SIZE;
 367         to = kmap(bprm->page[0]);
 368         for (j = 1; j < i; j++) {
 369                 memmove(to, to + offset, PAGE_SIZE - offset);
 370                 from = kmap(bprm->page[j]);
 371                 memcpy(to + PAGE_SIZE - offset, from, offset);
 372                 kunmap(bprm->page[j - 1]);
 373                 to = from;
 374         }
 375         memmove(to, to + offset, PAGE_SIZE - offset);
 376         kunmap(bprm->page[j - 1]);
 377
 378         /* Adjust bprm->p to point to the end of the strings. */
 379         bprm->p = PAGE_SIZE * i - offset;
 380
 381         /* Limit stack size to 1GB */
 382         stack_base = current->rlim[RLIMIT_STACK].rlim_max;
 383         if (stack_base > (1 << 30))
 384                 stack_base = 1 << 30;
 385         stack_base = PAGE_ALIGN(STACK_TOP - stack_base);
 386
 387         mm->arg_start = stack_base;
 388         arg_size = i << PAGE_SHIFT;
 389
 390         /* zero pages that were copied above */
 391         while (i < MAX_ARG_PAGES)
 392                 bprm->page[i++] = NULL;
 393 #else
 394 #ifdef __HAVE_ARCH_ALIGN_STACK
 395         stack_base = arch_align_stack(STACK_TOP - MAX_ARG_PAGES*PAGE_SIZE);
 396         stack_base = PAGE_ALIGN(stack_base);
 397 #else
 398         stack_base = STACK_TOP - MAX_ARG_PAGES * PAGE_SIZE;
 399 #endif
 400         mm->arg_start = bprm->p + stack_base;
 401         arg_size = STACK_TOP - (PAGE_MASK & (unsigned long) mm->arg_start);
 402 #endif
 403
 404         bprm->p += stack_base;
 405         if (bprm->loader)
 406                 bprm->loader += stack_base;
 407         bprm->exec += stack_base;
 408
 409         mpnt = kmem_cache_alloc(vm_area_cachep, SLAB_KERNEL);
 410         if (!mpnt)
 411                 return -ENOMEM;
 412
 413         if (security_vm_enough_memory(arg_size >> PAGE_SHIFT) ||
 414                 !vx_vmpages_avail(mm, arg_size >> PAGE_SHIFT)) {
 415                 kmem_cache_free(vm_area_cachep, mpnt);
 416                 return -ENOMEM;
 417         }
 418
 419         memset(mpnt, 0, sizeof(*mpnt));
 420
 421         down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
 422         {
 423                 mpnt->vm_mm = mm;
 424 #ifdef CONFIG_STACK_GROWSUP
 425                 mpnt->vm_start = stack_base;
 426                 mpnt->vm_end = PAGE_MASK &
 427                         (PAGE_SIZE - 1 + (unsigned long) bprm->p);
 428 #else
 429                 mpnt->vm_start = PAGE_MASK & (unsigned long) bprm->p;
 430                 mpnt->vm_end = STACK_TOP;
 431 #endif
 432                 /* Adjust stack execute permissions; explicitly enable
 433                  * for EXSTACK_ENABLE_X, disable for EXSTACK_DISABLE_X
 434                  * and leave alone (arch default) otherwise. */
 435                 if (unlikely(executable_stack == EXSTACK_ENABLE_X))
 436                         mpnt->vm_flags = VM_STACK_FLAGS |  VM_EXEC;
 437                 else if (executable_stack == EXSTACK_DISABLE_X)
 438                         mpnt->vm_flags = VM_STACK_FLAGS & ~VM_EXEC;
 439                 else
 440                         mpnt->vm_flags = VM_STACK_FLAGS;
 441                 mpnt->vm_flags |= mm->def_flags;
 442                 mpnt->vm_page_prot = protection_map[mpnt->vm_flags & 0x7];
 443                 insert_vm_struct(mm, mpnt);
 444                 // mm->total_vm = (mpnt->vm_end - mpnt->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
 445                 vx_vmpages_sub(mm, mm->total_vm -
 446                         ((mpnt->vm_end - mpnt->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT));
 447         }
 448
 449         for (i = 0 ; i < MAX_ARG_PAGES ; i++) {
 450                 struct page *page = bprm->page[i];
 451                 if (page) {
 452                         bprm->page[i] = NULL;
 453                         install_arg_page(mpnt, page, stack_base);
 454                 }
 455                 stack_base += PAGE_SIZE;
 456         }
 457         up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
 458
 459         return 0;
 460 }
 461
 462 EXPORT_SYMBOL(setup_arg_pages);
 463
 464 #define free_arg_pages(bprm) do { } while (0)
 465
 466 #else
 467
 468 static inline void free_arg_pages(struct linux_binprm *bprm)
 469 {
 470         int i;
 471
 472         for (i = 0; i < MAX_ARG_PAGES; i++) {
 473                 if (bprm->page[i])
 474                         __free_page(bprm->page[i]);
 475                 bprm->page[i] = NULL;
 476         }
 477 }
 478
 479 #endif /* CONFIG_MMU */
 480
 481 struct file *open_exec(const char *name)
 482 {
 483         struct nameidata nd;
 484         int err;
 485         struct file *file;
 486
 487         nd.intent.open.flags = FMODE_READ;
 488         err = path_lookup(name, LOOKUP_FOLLOW|LOOKUP_OPEN, &nd);
 489         file = ERR_PTR(err);
 490
 491         if (!err) {
 492                 struct inode *inode = nd.dentry->d_inode;
 493                 file = ERR_PTR(-EACCES);
 494                 if (!(nd.mnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NOEXEC) &&
 495                     S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
 496                         int err = permission(inode, MAY_EXEC, &nd);
 497                         if (!err && !(inode->i_mode & 0111))
 498                                 err = -EACCES;
 499                         file = ERR_PTR(err);
 500                         if (!err) {
 501                                 file = dentry_open(nd.dentry, nd.mnt, O_RDONLY);
 502                                 if (!IS_ERR(file)) {
 503                                         err = deny_write_access(file);
 504                                         if (err) {
 505                                                 fput(file);
 506                                                 file = ERR_PTR(err);
 507                                         }
 508                                 }
 509 out:
 510                                 return file;
 511                         }
 512                 }
 513                 path_release(&nd);
 514         }
 515         goto out;
 516 }
 517
 518 EXPORT_SYMBOL(open_exec);
 519
 520 int kernel_read(struct file *file, unsigned long offset,
 521         char *addr, unsigned long count)
 522 {
 523         mm_segment_t old_fs;
 524         loff_t pos = offset;
 525         int result;
 526
 527         old_fs = get_fs();
 528         set_fs(get_ds());
 529         /* The cast to a user pointer is valid due to the set_fs() */
 530         result = vfs_read(file, (void __user *)addr, count, &pos);
 531         set_fs(old_fs);
 532         return result;
 533 }
 534
 535 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kernel_read);
 536
 537 static int exec_mmap(struct mm_struct *mm)
 538 {
 539         struct task_struct *tsk;
 540         struct mm_struct * old_mm, *active_mm;
 541
 542         /* Add it to the list of mm's */
 543         spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);
 544         list_add(&mm->mmlist, &init_mm.mmlist);
 545         mmlist_nr++;
 546         spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);
 547
 548         /* Notify parent that we're no longer interested in the old VM */
 549         tsk = current;
 550         old_mm = current->mm;
 551         mm_release(tsk, old_mm);
 552
 553         task_lock(tsk);
 554         active_mm = tsk->active_mm;
 555         tsk->mm = mm;
 556         tsk->active_mm = mm;
 557         activate_mm(active_mm, mm);
 558         task_unlock(tsk);
 559         if (old_mm) {
 560                 if (active_mm != old_mm) BUG();
 561                 mmput(old_mm);
 562                 return 0;
 563         }
 564         mmdrop(active_mm);
 565         return 0;
 566 }
 567
 568 /*
 569  * This function makes sure the current process has its own signal table,
 570  * so that flush_signal_handlers can later reset the handlers without
 571  * disturbing other processes.  (Other processes might share the signal
 572  * table via the CLONE_SIGHAND option to clone().)
 573  */
 574 static inline int de_thread(struct task_struct *tsk)
 575 {
 576         struct signal_struct *newsig, *oldsig = tsk->signal;
 577         struct sighand_struct *newsighand, *oldsighand = tsk->sighand;
 578         spinlock_t *lock = &oldsighand->siglock;
 579         int count;
 580
 581         /*
 582          * If we don't share sighandlers, then we aren't sharing anything
 583          * and we can just re-use it all.
 584          */
 585         if (atomic_read(&oldsighand->count) <= 1)
 586                 return 0;
 587
 588         newsighand = kmem_cache_alloc(sighand_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 589         if (!newsighand)
 590                 return -ENOMEM;
 591
 592         spin_lock_init(&newsighand->siglock);
 593         atomic_set(&newsighand->count, 1);
 594         memcpy(newsighand->action, oldsighand->action, sizeof(newsighand->action));
 595
 596         /*
 597          * See if we need to allocate a new signal structure
 598          */
 599         newsig = NULL;
 600         if (atomic_read(&oldsig->count) > 1) {
 601                 newsig = kmem_cache_alloc(signal_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 602                 if (!newsig) {
 603                         kmem_cache_free(sighand_cachep, newsighand);
 604                         return -ENOMEM;
 605                 }
 606                 atomic_set(&newsig->count, 1);
 607                 newsig->group_exit = 0;
 608                 newsig->group_exit_code = 0;
 609                 newsig->group_exit_task = NULL;
 610                 newsig->group_stop_count = 0;
 611                 newsig->curr_target = NULL;
 612                 init_sigpending(&newsig->shared_pending);
 613                 INIT_LIST_HEAD(&newsig->posix_timers);
 614
 615                 newsig->tty = oldsig->tty;
 616                 newsig->pgrp = oldsig->pgrp;
 617                 newsig->session = oldsig->session;
 618                 newsig->leader = oldsig->leader;
 619                 newsig->tty_old_pgrp = oldsig->tty_old_pgrp;
 620         }
 621
 622         if (thread_group_empty(current))
 623                 goto no_thread_group;
 624
 625         /*
 626          * Kill all other threads in the thread group.
 627          * We must hold tasklist_lock to call zap_other_threads.
 628          */
 629         read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
 630         spin_lock_irq(lock);
 631         if (oldsig->group_exit) {
 632                 /*
 633                  * Another group action in progress, just
 634                  * return so that the signal is processed.
 635                  */
 636                 spin_unlock_irq(lock);
 637                 read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
 638                 kmem_cache_free(sighand_cachep, newsighand);
 639                 if (newsig)
 640                         kmem_cache_free(signal_cachep, newsig);
 641                 return -EAGAIN;
 642         }
 643         oldsig->group_exit = 1;
 644         zap_other_threads(current);
 645         read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
 646
 647         /*
 648          * Account for the thread group leader hanging around:
 649          */
 650         count = 2;
 651         if (current->pid == current->tgid)
 652                 count = 1;
 653         while (atomic_read(&oldsig->count) > count) {
 654                 oldsig->group_exit_task = current;
 655                 oldsig->notify_count = count;
 656                 __set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
 657                 spin_unlock_irq(lock);
 658                 schedule();
 659                 spin_lock_irq(lock);
 660         }
 661         spin_unlock_irq(lock);
 662
 663         /*
 664          * At this point all other threads have exited, all we have to
 665          * do is to wait for the thread group leader to become inactive,
 666          * and to assume its PID:
 667          */
 668         if (current->pid != current->tgid) {
 669                 struct task_struct *leader = current->group_leader, *parent;
 670                 struct dentry *proc_dentry1, *proc_dentry2;
 671                 unsigned long state, ptrace;
 672
 673                 /*
 674                  * Wait for the thread group leader to be a zombie.
 675                  * It should already be zombie at this point, most
 676                  * of the time.
 677                  */
 678                 while (leader->state != TASK_ZOMBIE)
 679                         yield();
 680
 681                 spin_lock(&leader->proc_lock);
 682                 spin_lock(&current->proc_lock);
 683                 proc_dentry1 = proc_pid_unhash(current);
 684                 proc_dentry2 = proc_pid_unhash(leader);
 685                 write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
 686
 687                 if (leader->tgid != current->tgid)
 688                         BUG();
 689                 if (current->pid == current->tgid)
 690                         BUG();
 691                 /*
 692                  * An exec() starts a new thread group with the
 693                  * TGID of the previous thread group. Rehash the
 694                  * two threads with a switched PID, and release
 695                  * the former thread group leader:
 696                  */
 697                 ptrace = leader->ptrace;
 698                 parent = leader->parent;
 699
 700                 ptrace_unlink(current);
 701                 ptrace_unlink(leader);
 702                 remove_parent(current);
 703                 remove_parent(leader);
 704
 705                 switch_exec_pids(leader, current);
 706
 707                 current->parent = current->real_parent = leader->real_parent;
 708                 leader->parent = leader->real_parent = child_reaper;
 709                 current->group_leader = current;
 710                 leader->group_leader = leader;
 711
 712                 add_parent(current, current->parent);
 713                 add_parent(leader, leader->parent);
 714                 if (ptrace) {
 715                         current->ptrace = ptrace;
 716                         __ptrace_link(current, parent);
 717                 }
 718
 719                 list_del(&current->tasks);
 720                 list_add_tail(&current->tasks, &init_task.tasks);
 721                 current->exit_signal = SIGCHLD;
 722                 state = leader->state;
 723
 724                 write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
 725                 spin_unlock(&leader->proc_lock);
 726                 spin_unlock(&current->proc_lock);
 727                 proc_pid_flush(proc_dentry1);
 728                 proc_pid_flush(proc_dentry2);
 729
 730                 if (state != TASK_ZOMBIE)
 731                         BUG();
 732                 release_task(leader);
 733         }
 734
 735 no_thread_group:
 736
 737         write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
 738         spin_lock(&oldsighand->siglock);
 739         spin_lock(&newsighand->siglock);
 740
 741         if (current == oldsig->curr_target)
 742                 oldsig->curr_target = next_thread(current);
 743         if (newsig)
 744                 current->signal = newsig;
 745         current->sighand = newsighand;
 746         init_sigpending(&current->pending);
 747         recalc_sigpending();
 748
 749         spin_unlock(&newsighand->siglock);
 750         spin_unlock(&oldsighand->siglock);
 751         write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
 752
 753         if (newsig && atomic_dec_and_test(&oldsig->count))
 754                 kmem_cache_free(signal_cachep, oldsig);
 755
 756         if (atomic_dec_and_test(&oldsighand->count))
 757                 kmem_cache_free(sighand_cachep, oldsighand);
 758
 759         if (!thread_group_empty(current))
 760                 BUG();
 761         if (current->tgid != current->pid)
 762                 BUG();
 763         return 0;
 764 }
 765
 766 /*
 767  * These functions flushes out all traces of the currently running executable
 768  * so that a new one can be started
 769  */
 770
 771 static inline void flush_old_files(struct files_struct * files)
 772 {
 773         long j = -1;
 774
 775         spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
 776         for (;;) {
 777                 unsigned long set, i;
 778
 779                 j++;
 780                 i = j * __NFDBITS;
 781                 if (i >= files->max_fds || i >= files->max_fdset)
 782                         break;
 783                 set = files->close_on_exec->fds_bits[j];
 784                 if (!set)
 785                         continue;
 786                 files->close_on_exec->fds_bits[j] = 0;
 787                 spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
 788                 for ( ; set ; i++,set >>= 1) {
 789                         if (set & 1) {
 790                                 sys_close(i);
 791                         }
 792                 }
 793                 spin_lock(&files->file_lock);
 794
 795         }
 796         spin_unlock(&files->file_lock);
 797 }
 798
 799 int flush_old_exec(struct linux_binprm * bprm)
 800 {
 801         char * name;
 802         int i, ch, retval;
 803         struct files_struct *files;
 804
 805         /*
 806          * Make sure we have a private signal table and that
 807          * we are unassociated from the previous thread group.
 808          */
 809         retval = de_thread(current);
 810         if (retval)
 811                 goto out;
 812
 813         /*
 814          * Make sure we have private file handles. Ask the
 815          * fork helper to do the work for us and the exit
 816          * helper to do the cleanup of the old one.
 817          */
 818         files = current->files;         /* refcounted so safe to hold */
 819         retval = unshare_files();
 820         if (retval)
 821                 goto out;
 822         /*
 823          * Release all of the old mmap stuff
 824          */
 825         retval = exec_mmap(bprm->mm);
 826         if (retval)
 827                 goto mmap_failed;
 828
 829         bprm->mm = NULL;                /* We're using it now */
 830
 831         /* This is the point of no return */
 832         steal_locks(files);
 833         put_files_struct(files);
 834
 835         current->sas_ss_sp = current->sas_ss_size = 0;
 836
 837         if (current->euid == current->uid && current->egid == current->gid)
 838                 current->mm->dumpable = 1;
 839         name = bprm->filename;
 840         for (i=0; (ch = *(name++)) != '\0';) {
 841                 if (ch == '/')
 842                         i = 0;
 843                 else
 844                         if (i < 15)
 845                                 current->comm[i++] = ch;
 846         }
 847         current->comm[i] = '\0';
 848
 849         current->flags &= ~PF_RELOCEXEC;
 850         flush_thread();
 851
 852         if (bprm->e_uid != current->euid || bprm->e_gid != current->egid ||
 853             permission(bprm->file->f_dentry->d_inode,MAY_READ, NULL) ||
 854             (bprm->interp_flags & BINPRM_FLAGS_ENFORCE_NONDUMP))
 855                 current->mm->dumpable = 0;
 856
 857         /* An exec changes our domain. We are no longer part of the thread
 858            group */
 859
 860         current->self_exec_id++;
 861
 862         flush_signal_handlers(current, 0);
 863         flush_old_files(current->files);
 864
 865         return 0;
 866
 867 mmap_failed:
 868         put_files_struct(current->files);
 869         current->files = files;
 870 out:
 871         return retval;
 872 }
 873
 874 EXPORT_SYMBOL(flush_old_exec);
 875
 876 /*
 877  * Fill the binprm structure from the inode.
 878  * Check permissions, then read the first 128 (BINPRM_BUF_SIZE) bytes
 879  */
 880 int prepare_binprm(struct linux_binprm *bprm)
 881 {
 882         int mode;
 883         struct inode * inode = bprm->file->f_dentry->d_inode;
 884         int retval;
 885
 886         mode = inode->i_mode;
 887         /*
 888          * Check execute perms again - if the caller has CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE,
 889          * vfs_permission lets a non-executable through
 890          */
 891         if (!(mode & 0111))     /* with at least _one_ execute bit set */
 892                 return -EACCES;
 893         if (bprm->file->f_op == NULL)
 894                 return -EACCES;
 895
 896         bprm->e_uid = current->euid;
 897         bprm->e_gid = current->egid;
 898
 899         if(!(bprm->file->f_vfsmnt->mnt_flags & MNT_NOSUID)) {
 900                 /* Set-uid? */
 901                 if (mode & S_ISUID) {
 902                         bprm->e_uid = inode->i_uid;
 903 #ifdef __i386__
 904                         /* reset personality */
 905                         current->personality = PER_LINUX;
 906 #endif
 907                 }
 908
 909                 /* Set-gid? */
 910                 /*
 911                  * If setgid is set but no group execute bit then this
 912                  * is a candidate for mandatory locking, not a setgid
 913                  * executable.
 914                  */
 915                 if ((mode & (S_ISGID | S_IXGRP)) == (S_ISGID | S_IXGRP)) {
 916                         bprm->e_gid = inode->i_gid;
 917 #ifdef __i386__
 918                         /* reset personality */
 919                         current->personality = PER_LINUX;
 920 #endif
 921                 }
 922         }
 923
 924         /* fill in binprm security blob */
 925         retval = security_bprm_set(bprm);
 926         if (retval)
 927                 return retval;
 928
 929         memset(bprm->buf,0,BINPRM_BUF_SIZE);
 930         return kernel_read(bprm->file,0,bprm->buf,BINPRM_BUF_SIZE);
 931 }
 932
 933 EXPORT_SYMBOL(prepare_binprm);
 934
 935 static inline int unsafe_exec(struct task_struct *p)
 936 {
 937         int unsafe = 0;
 938         if (p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED) {
 939                 if (p->ptrace & PT_PTRACE_CAP)
 940                         unsafe |= LSM_UNSAFE_PTRACE_CAP;
 941                 else
 942                         unsafe |= LSM_UNSAFE_PTRACE;
 943         }
 944         if (atomic_read(&p->fs->count) > 1 ||
 945             atomic_read(&p->files->count) > 1 ||
 946             atomic_read(&p->sighand->count) > 1)
 947                 unsafe |= LSM_UNSAFE_SHARE;
 948
 949         return unsafe;
 950 }
 951
 952 void compute_creds(struct linux_binprm *bprm)
 953 {
 954         int unsafe;
 955         task_lock(current);
 956         unsafe = unsafe_exec(current);
 957         security_bprm_apply_creds(bprm, unsafe);
 958         task_unlock(current);
 959 }
 960
 961 EXPORT_SYMBOL(compute_creds);
 962
 963 void remove_arg_zero(struct linux_binprm *bprm)
 964 {
 965         if (bprm->argc) {
 966                 unsigned long offset;
 967                 char * kaddr;
 968                 struct page *page;
 969
 970                 offset = bprm->p % PAGE_SIZE;
 971                 goto inside;
 972
 973                 while (bprm->p++, *(kaddr+offset++)) {
 974                         if (offset != PAGE_SIZE)
 975                                 continue;
 976                         offset = 0;
 977                         kunmap_atomic(kaddr, KM_USER0);
 978 inside:
 979                         page = bprm->page[bprm->p/PAGE_SIZE];
 980                         kaddr = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
 981                 }
 982                 kunmap_atomic(kaddr, KM_USER0);
 983                 bprm->argc--;
 984         }
 985 }
 986
 987 EXPORT_SYMBOL(remove_arg_zero);
 988
 989 /*
 990  * cycle the list of binary formats handler, until one recognizes the image
 991  */
 992 int search_binary_handler(struct linux_binprm *bprm,struct pt_regs *regs)
 993 {
 994         int try,retval=0;
 995         struct linux_binfmt *fmt;
 996 #ifdef __alpha__
 997         /* handle /sbin/loader.. */
 998         {
 999             struct exec * eh = (struct exec *) bprm->buf;
1000
1001             if (!bprm->loader && eh->fh.f_magic == 0x183 &&
1002                 (eh->fh.f_flags & 0x3000) == 0x3000)
1003             {
1004                 struct file * file;
1005                 unsigned long loader;
1006
1007                 allow_write_access(bprm->file);
1008                 fput(bprm->file);
1009                 bprm->file = NULL;
1010
1011                 loader = PAGE_SIZE*MAX_ARG_PAGES-sizeof(void *);
1012
1013                 file = open_exec("/sbin/loader");
1014                 retval = PTR_ERR(file);
1015                 if (IS_ERR(file))
1016                         return retval;
1017
1018                 /* Remember if the application is TASO.  */
1019                 bprm->sh_bang = eh->ah.entry < 0x100000000UL;
1020
1021                 bprm->file = file;
1022                 bprm->loader = loader;
1023                 retval = prepare_binprm(bprm);
1024                 if (retval<0)
1025                         return retval;
1026                 /* should call search_binary_handler recursively here,
1027                    but it does not matter */
1028             }
1029         }
1030 #endif
1031         retval = security_bprm_check(bprm);
1032         if (retval)
1033                 return retval;
1034
1035         /* kernel module loader fixup */
1036         /* so we don't try to load run modprobe in kernel space. */
1037         set_fs(USER_DS);
1038         for (try=0; try<2; try++) {
1039                 read_lock(&binfmt_lock);
1040                 for (fmt = formats ; fmt ; fmt = fmt->next) {
1041                         int (*fn)(struct linux_binprm *, struct pt_regs *) = fmt->load_binary;
1042                         if (!fn)
1043                                 continue;
1044                         if (!try_module_get(fmt->module))
1045                                 continue;
1046                         read_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
1047                         retval = fn(bprm, regs);
1048                         if (retval >= 0) {
1049                                 put_binfmt(fmt);
1050                                 allow_write_access(bprm->file);
1051                                 if (bprm->file)
1052                                         fput(bprm->file);
1053                                 bprm->file = NULL;
1054                                 current->did_exec = 1;
1055                                 ckrm_cb_exec(bprm->filename);
1056                                 return retval;
1057                         }
1058                         read_lock(&binfmt_lock);
1059                         put_binfmt(fmt);
1060                         if (retval != -ENOEXEC || bprm->mm == NULL)
1061                                 break;
1062                         if (!bprm->file) {
1063                                 read_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
1064                                 return retval;
1065                         }
1066                 }
1067                 read_unlock(&binfmt_lock);
1068                 if (retval != -ENOEXEC || bprm->mm == NULL) {
1069                         break;
1070 #ifdef CONFIG_KMOD
1071                 }else{
1072 #define printable(c) (((c)=='\t') || ((c)=='\n') || (0x20<=(c) && (c)<=0x7e))
1073                         if (printable(bprm->buf[0]) &&
1074                             printable(bprm->buf[1]) &&
1075                             printable(bprm->buf[2]) &&
1076                             printable(bprm->buf[3]))
1077                                 break; /* -ENOEXEC */
1078                         request_module("binfmt-%04x", *(unsigned short *)(&bprm->buf[2]));
1079 #endif
1080                 }
1081         }
1082         return retval;
1083 }
1084
1085 EXPORT_SYMBOL(search_binary_handler);
1086
1087 /*
1088  * sys_execve() executes a new program.
1089  */
1090 int do_execve(char * filename,
1091         char __user *__user *argv,
1092         char __user *__user *envp,
1093         struct pt_regs * regs)
1094 {
1095         struct linux_binprm bprm;
1096         struct file *file;
1097         int retval;
1098         int i;
1099
1100         file = open_exec(filename);
1101
1102         retval = PTR_ERR(file);
1103         if (IS_ERR(file))
1104                 return retval;
1105
1106         sched_balance_exec();
1107
1108         bprm.p = PAGE_SIZE*MAX_ARG_PAGES-sizeof(void *);
1109         memset(bprm.page, 0, MAX_ARG_PAGES*sizeof(bprm.page[0]));
1110
1111         bprm.file = file;
1112         bprm.filename = filename;
1113         bprm.interp = filename;
1114         bprm.interp_flags = 0;
1115         bprm.interp_data = 0;
1116         bprm.sh_bang = 0;
1117         bprm.loader = 0;
1118         bprm.exec = 0;
1119         bprm.security = NULL;
1120         bprm.mm = mm_alloc();
1121         retval = -ENOMEM;
1122         if (!bprm.mm)
1123                 goto out_file;
1124
1125         retval = init_new_context(current, bprm.mm);
1126         if (retval < 0)
1127                 goto out_mm;
1128
1129         bprm.argc = count(argv, bprm.p / sizeof(void *));
1130         if ((retval = bprm.argc) < 0)
1131                 goto out_mm;
1132
1133         bprm.envc = count(envp, bprm.p / sizeof(void *));
1134         if ((retval = bprm.envc) < 0)
1135                 goto out_mm;
1136
1137         retval = security_bprm_alloc(&bprm);
1138         if (retval)
1139                 goto out;
1140
1141         retval = prepare_binprm(&bprm);
1142         if (retval < 0)
1143                 goto out;
1144
1145         retval = copy_strings_kernel(1, &bprm.filename, &bprm);
1146         if (retval < 0)
1147                 goto out;
1148
1149         bprm.exec = bprm.p;
1150         retval = copy_strings(bprm.envc, envp, &bprm);
1151         if (retval < 0)
1152                 goto out;
1153
1154         retval = copy_strings(bprm.argc, argv, &bprm);
1155         if (retval < 0)
1156                 goto out;
1157
1158         retval = search_binary_handler(&bprm,regs);
1159         if (retval >= 0) {
1160                 free_arg_pages(&bprm);
1161
1162                 /* execve success */
1163                 security_bprm_free(&bprm);
1164                 return retval;
1165         }
1166
1167 out:
1168         /* Something went wrong, return the inode and free the argument pages*/
1169         for (i = 0 ; i < MAX_ARG_PAGES ; i++) {
1170                 struct page * page = bprm.page[i];
1171                 if (page)
1172                         __free_page(page);
1173         }
1174
1175         if (bprm.security)
1176                 security_bprm_free(&bprm);
1177
1178 out_mm:
1179         if (bprm.mm)
1180                 mmdrop(bprm.mm);
1181
1182 out_file:
1183         if (bprm.file) {
1184                 allow_write_access(bprm.file);
1185                 fput(bprm.file);
1186         }
1187         return retval;
1188 }
1189
1190 EXPORT_SYMBOL(do_execve);
1191
1192 int set_binfmt(struct linux_binfmt *new)
1193 {
1194         struct linux_binfmt *old = current->binfmt;
1195
1196         if (new) {
1197                 if (!try_module_get(new->module))
1198                         return -1;
1199         }
1200         current->binfmt = new;
1201         if (old)
1202                 module_put(old->module);
1203         return 0;
1204 }
1205
1206 EXPORT_SYMBOL(set_binfmt);
1207
1208 #define CORENAME_MAX_SIZE 64
1209
1210 /* format_corename will inspect the pattern parameter, and output a
1211  * name into corename, which must have space for at least
1212  * CORENAME_MAX_SIZE bytes plus one byte for the zero terminator.
1213  */
1214 void format_corename(char *corename, const char *pattern, long signr)
1215 {
1216         const char *pat_ptr = pattern;
1217         char *out_ptr = corename;
1218         char *const out_end = corename + CORENAME_MAX_SIZE;
1219         int rc;
1220         int pid_in_pattern = 0;
1221
1222         /* Repeat as long as we have more pattern to process and more output
1223            space */
1224         while (*pat_ptr) {
1225                 if (*pat_ptr != '%') {
1226                         if (out_ptr == out_end)
1227                                 goto out;
1228                         *out_ptr++ = *pat_ptr++;
1229                 } else {
1230                         switch (*++pat_ptr) {
1231                         case 0:
1232                                 goto out;
1233                         /* Double percent, output one percent */
1234                         case '%':
1235                                 if (out_ptr == out_end)
1236                                         goto out;
1237                                 *out_ptr++ = '%';
1238                                 break;
1239                         /* pid */
1240                         case 'p':
1241                                 pid_in_pattern = 1;
1242                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1243                                               "%d", current->tgid);
1244                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1245                                         goto out;
1246                                 out_ptr += rc;
1247                                 break;
1248                         /* uid */
1249                         case 'u':
1250                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1251                                               "%d", current->uid);
1252                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1253                                         goto out;
1254                                 out_ptr += rc;
1255                                 break;
1256                         /* gid */
1257                         case 'g':
1258                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1259                                               "%d", current->gid);
1260                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1261                                         goto out;
1262                                 out_ptr += rc;
1263                                 break;
1264                         /* signal that caused the coredump */
1265                         case 's':
1266                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1267                                               "%ld", signr);
1268                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1269                                         goto out;
1270                                 out_ptr += rc;
1271                                 break;
1272                         /* UNIX time of coredump */
1273                         case 't': {
1274                                 struct timeval tv;
1275                                 do_gettimeofday(&tv);
1276                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1277                                               "%lu", tv.tv_sec);
1278                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1279                                         goto out;
1280                                 out_ptr += rc;
1281                                 break;
1282                         }
1283                         /* hostname */
1284                         case 'h':
1285                                 down_read(&uts_sem);
1286                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1287                                               "%s", system_utsname.nodename);
1288                                 up_read(&uts_sem);
1289                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1290                                         goto out;
1291                                 out_ptr += rc;
1292                                 break;
1293                         /* executable */
1294                         case 'e':
1295                                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1296                                               "%s", current->comm);
1297                                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1298                                         goto out;
1299                                 out_ptr += rc;
1300                                 break;
1301                         default:
1302                                 break;
1303                         }
1304                         ++pat_ptr;
1305                 }
1306         }
1307         /* Backward compatibility with core_uses_pid:
1308          *
1309          * If core_pattern does not include a %p (as is the default)
1310          * and core_uses_pid is set, then .%pid will be appended to
1311          * the filename */
1312         if (!pid_in_pattern
1313             && (core_uses_pid || atomic_read(&current->mm->mm_users) != 1)) {
1314                 rc = snprintf(out_ptr, out_end - out_ptr,
1315                               ".%d", current->tgid);
1316                 if (rc > out_end - out_ptr)
1317                         goto out;
1318                 out_ptr += rc;
1319         }
1320       out:
1321         *out_ptr = 0;
1322 }
1323
1324 static void zap_threads (struct mm_struct *mm)
1325 {
1326         struct task_struct *g, *p;
1327         struct task_struct *tsk = current;
1328         struct completion *vfork_done = tsk->vfork_done;
1329
1330         /*
1331          * Make sure nobody is waiting for us to release the VM,
1332          * otherwise we can deadlock when we wait on each other
1333          */
1334         if (vfork_done) {
1335                 tsk->vfork_done = NULL;
1336                 complete(vfork_done);
1337         }
1338
1339         read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
1340         do_each_thread(g,p)
1341                 if (mm == p->mm && p != tsk) {
1342                         force_sig_specific(SIGKILL, p);
1343                         mm->core_waiters++;
1344                 }
1345         while_each_thread(g,p);
1346
1347         read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
1348 }
1349
1350 static void coredump_wait(struct mm_struct *mm)
1351 {
1352         DECLARE_COMPLETION(startup_done);
1353
1354         mm->core_waiters++; /* let other threads block */
1355         mm->core_startup_done = &startup_done;
1356
1357         /* give other threads a chance to run: */
1358         yield();
1359
1360         zap_threads(mm);
1361         if (--mm->core_waiters) {
1362                 up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
1363                 wait_for_completion(&startup_done);
1364         } else
1365                 up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
1366         BUG_ON(mm->core_waiters);
1367 }
1368
1369 int do_coredump(long signr, int exit_code, struct pt_regs * regs)
1370 {
1371         char corename[CORENAME_MAX_SIZE + 1];
1372         struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
1373         struct linux_binfmt * binfmt;
1374         struct inode * inode;
1375         struct file * file;
1376         int retval = 0;
1377
1378         lock_kernel();
1379         binfmt = current->binfmt;
1380         if (!binfmt || !binfmt->core_dump)
1381                 goto fail;
1382         down_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
1383         if (!mm->dumpable) {
1384                 up_write(&mm->mmap_sem);
1385                 goto fail;
1386         }
1387         mm->dumpable = 0;
1388         init_completion(&mm->core_done);
1389         current->signal->group_exit = 1;
1390         current->signal->group_exit_code = exit_code;
1391         coredump_wait(mm);
1392
1393         if (current->rlim[RLIMIT_CORE].rlim_cur < binfmt->min_coredump)
1394                 goto fail_unlock;
1395
1396         format_corename(corename, core_pattern, signr);
1397         file = filp_open(corename, O_CREAT | 2 | O_NOFOLLOW | O_LARGEFILE, 0600);
1398         if (IS_ERR(file))
1399                 goto fail_unlock;
1400         inode = file->f_dentry->d_inode;
1401         if (inode->i_nlink > 1)
1402                 goto close_fail;        /* multiple links - don't dump */
1403         if (d_unhashed(file->f_dentry))
1404                 goto close_fail;
1405
1406         if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
1407                 goto close_fail;
1408         if (!file->f_op)
1409                 goto close_fail;
1410         if (!file->f_op->write)
1411                 goto close_fail;
1412         if (do_truncate(file->f_dentry, 0) != 0)
1413                 goto close_fail;
1414
1415         retval = binfmt->core_dump(signr, regs, file);
1416
1417         current->signal->group_exit_code |= 0x80;
1418 close_fail:
1419         filp_close(file, NULL);
1420 fail_unlock:
1421         complete_all(&mm->core_done);
1422 fail:
1423         unlock_kernel();
1424         return retval;
1425 }