classifier: Add 'wc' argument to classifier_lookup().

[sliver-openvswitch.git] / ofproto / ofproto-dpif.c

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Nicira, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <config.h>

#include "ofproto/ofproto-provider.h"

#include <errno.h>

#include "bfd.h"
#include "bond.h"
#include "bundle.h"
#include "byte-order.h"
#include "connmgr.h"
#include "coverage.h"
#include "cfm.h"
#include "dpif.h"
#include "dynamic-string.h"
#include "fail-open.h"
#include "hmapx.h"
#include "lacp.h"
#include "learn.h"
#include "mac-learning.h"
#include "meta-flow.h"
#include "multipath.h"
#include "netdev-vport.h"
#include "netdev.h"
#include "netlink.h"
#include "nx-match.h"
#include "odp-util.h"
#include "odp-execute.h"
#include "ofp-util.h"
#include "ofpbuf.h"
#include "ofp-actions.h"
#include "ofp-parse.h"
#include "ofp-print.h"
#include "ofproto-dpif-governor.h"
#include "ofproto-dpif-ipfix.h"
#include "ofproto-dpif-sflow.h"
#include "poll-loop.h"
#include "simap.h"
#include "smap.h"
#include "timer.h"
#include "tunnel.h"
#include "unaligned.h"
#include "unixctl.h"
#include "vlan-bitmap.h"
#include "vlog.h"

VLOG_DEFINE_THIS_MODULE(ofproto_dpif);

COVERAGE_DEFINE(ofproto_dpif_expired);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(ofproto_dpif_xlate);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(facet_changed_rule);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(facet_revalidate);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(facet_unexpected);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(facet_suppress);

/* Maximum depth of flow table recursion (due to resubmit actions) in a
 * flow translation. */
#define MAX_RESUBMIT_RECURSION 64

/* Number of implemented OpenFlow tables. */
enum { N_TABLES = 255 };
enum { TBL_INTERNAL = N_TABLES - 1 };    /* Used for internal hidden rules. */
BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(N_TABLES >= 2 && N_TABLES <= 255);

struct ofport_dpif;
struct ofproto_dpif;
struct flow_miss;
struct facet;

struct rule_dpif {
    struct rule up;

    /* These statistics:
     *
     *   - Do include packets and bytes from facets that have been deleted or
     *     whose own statistics have been folded into the rule.
     *
     *   - Do include packets and bytes sent "by hand" that were accounted to
     *     the rule without any facet being involved (this is a rare corner
     *     case in rule_execute()).
     *
     *   - Do not include packet or bytes that can be obtained from any facet's
     *     packet_count or byte_count member or that can be obtained from the
     *     datapath by, e.g., dpif_flow_get() for any subfacet.
     */
    uint64_t packet_count;       /* Number of packets received. */
    uint64_t byte_count;         /* Number of bytes received. */

    tag_type tag;                /* Caches rule_calculate_tag() result. */

    struct list facets;          /* List of "struct facet"s. */
};

static struct rule_dpif *rule_dpif_cast(const struct rule *rule)
{
    return rule ? CONTAINER_OF(rule, struct rule_dpif, up) : NULL;
}

static struct rule_dpif *rule_dpif_lookup(struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                          const struct flow *);
static struct rule_dpif *rule_dpif_lookup__(struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                            const struct flow *,
                                            uint8_t table);
static struct rule_dpif *rule_dpif_miss_rule(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                                             const struct flow *flow);

static void rule_get_stats(struct rule *, uint64_t *packets, uint64_t *bytes);
static void rule_credit_stats(struct rule_dpif *,
                              const struct dpif_flow_stats *);
static tag_type rule_calculate_tag(const struct flow *,
                                   const struct minimask *, uint32_t basis);
static void rule_invalidate(const struct rule_dpif *);

#define MAX_MIRRORS 32
typedef uint32_t mirror_mask_t;
#define MIRROR_MASK_C(X) UINT32_C(X)
BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(sizeof(mirror_mask_t) * CHAR_BIT >= MAX_MIRRORS);
struct ofmirror {
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto; /* Owning ofproto. */
    size_t idx;                 /* In ofproto's "mirrors" array. */
    void *aux;                  /* Key supplied by ofproto's client. */
    char *name;                 /* Identifier for log messages. */

    /* Selection criteria. */
    struct hmapx srcs;          /* Contains "struct ofbundle *"s. */
    struct hmapx dsts;          /* Contains "struct ofbundle *"s. */
    unsigned long *vlans;       /* Bitmap of chosen VLANs, NULL selects all. */

    /* Output (exactly one of out == NULL and out_vlan == -1 is true). */
    struct ofbundle *out;       /* Output port or NULL. */
    int out_vlan;               /* Output VLAN or -1. */
    mirror_mask_t dup_mirrors;  /* Bitmap of mirrors with the same output. */

    /* Counters. */
    int64_t packet_count;       /* Number of packets sent. */
    int64_t byte_count;         /* Number of bytes sent. */
};

static void mirror_destroy(struct ofmirror *);
static void update_mirror_stats(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                                mirror_mask_t mirrors,
                                uint64_t packets, uint64_t bytes);

struct ofbundle {
    struct hmap_node hmap_node; /* In struct ofproto's "bundles" hmap. */
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto; /* Owning ofproto. */
    void *aux;                  /* Key supplied by ofproto's client. */
    char *name;                 /* Identifier for log messages. */

    /* Configuration. */
    struct list ports;          /* Contains "struct ofport"s. */
    enum port_vlan_mode vlan_mode; /* VLAN mode */
    int vlan;                   /* -1=trunk port, else a 12-bit VLAN ID. */
    unsigned long *trunks;      /* Bitmap of trunked VLANs, if 'vlan' == -1.
                                 * NULL if all VLANs are trunked. */
    struct lacp *lacp;          /* LACP if LACP is enabled, otherwise NULL. */
    struct bond *bond;          /* Nonnull iff more than one port. */
    bool use_priority_tags;     /* Use 802.1p tag for frames in VLAN 0? */

    /* Status. */
    bool floodable;          /* True if no port has OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD set. */

    /* Port mirroring info. */
    mirror_mask_t src_mirrors;  /* Mirrors triggered when packet received. */
    mirror_mask_t dst_mirrors;  /* Mirrors triggered when packet sent. */
    mirror_mask_t mirror_out;   /* Mirrors that output to this bundle. */
};

static void bundle_remove(struct ofport *);
static void bundle_update(struct ofbundle *);
static void bundle_destroy(struct ofbundle *);
static void bundle_del_port(struct ofport_dpif *);
static void bundle_run(struct ofbundle *);
static void bundle_wait(struct ofbundle *);
static struct ofbundle *lookup_input_bundle(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                            uint16_t in_port, bool warn,
                                            struct ofport_dpif **in_ofportp);

/* A controller may use OFPP_NONE as the ingress port to indicate that
 * it did not arrive on a "real" port.  'ofpp_none_bundle' exists for
 * when an input bundle is needed for validation (e.g., mirroring or
 * OFPP_NORMAL processing).  It is not connected to an 'ofproto' or have
 * any 'port' structs, so care must be taken when dealing with it. */
static struct ofbundle ofpp_none_bundle = {
    .name      = "OFPP_NONE",
    .vlan_mode = PORT_VLAN_TRUNK
};

static void stp_run(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto);
static void stp_wait(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto);
static int set_stp_port(struct ofport *,
                        const struct ofproto_port_stp_settings *);

static bool ofbundle_includes_vlan(const struct ofbundle *, uint16_t vlan);

struct xlate_ctx;

/* Initial values of fields of the packet that may be changed during
 * flow processing and needed later. */
struct initial_vals {
   /* This is the value of vlan_tci in the packet as actually received from
    * dpif.  This is the same as the facet's flow.vlan_tci unless the packet
    * was received via a VLAN splinter.  In that case, this value is 0
    * (because the packet as actually received from the dpif had no 802.1Q
    * tag) but the facet's flow.vlan_tci is set to the VLAN that the splinter
    * represents.
    *
    * This member should be removed when the VLAN splinters feature is no
    * longer needed. */
    ovs_be16 vlan_tci;
};

struct xlate_out {
    tag_type tags;              /* Tags associated with actions. */
    enum slow_path_reason slow; /* 0 if fast path may be used. */
    bool has_learn;             /* Actions include NXAST_LEARN? */
    bool has_normal;            /* Actions output to OFPP_NORMAL? */
    bool has_fin_timeout;       /* Actions include NXAST_FIN_TIMEOUT? */
    uint16_t nf_output_iface;   /* Output interface index for NetFlow. */
    mirror_mask_t mirrors;      /* Bitmap of associated mirrors. */

    uint64_t odp_actions_stub[256 / 8];
    struct ofpbuf odp_actions;
};

struct xlate_in {
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    /* Flow to which the OpenFlow actions apply.  xlate_actions() will modify
     * this flow when actions change header fields. */
    struct flow flow;

    struct initial_vals initial_vals;

    /* The packet corresponding to 'flow', or a null pointer if we are
     * revalidating without a packet to refer to. */
    const struct ofpbuf *packet;

    /* Should OFPP_NORMAL update the MAC learning table?  Should "learn"
     * actions update the flow table?
     *
     * We want to update these tables if we are actually processing a packet,
     * or if we are accounting for packets that the datapath has processed, but
     * not if we are just revalidating. */
    bool may_learn;

    /* The rule initiating translation or NULL. */
    struct rule_dpif *rule;

    /* The actions to translate.  If 'rule' is not NULL, these may be NULL. */
    const struct ofpact *ofpacts;
    size_t ofpacts_len;

    /* Union of the set of TCP flags seen so far in this flow.  (Used only by
     * NXAST_FIN_TIMEOUT.  Set to zero to avoid updating updating rules'
     * timeouts.) */
    uint8_t tcp_flags;

    /* If nonnull, flow translation calls this function just before executing a
     * resubmit or OFPP_TABLE action.  In addition, disables logging of traces
     * when the recursion depth is exceeded.
     *
     * 'rule' is the rule being submitted into.  It will be null if the
     * resubmit or OFPP_TABLE action didn't find a matching rule.
     *
     * This is normally null so the client has to set it manually after
     * calling xlate_in_init(). */
    void (*resubmit_hook)(struct xlate_ctx *, struct rule_dpif *rule);

    /* If nonnull, flow translation calls this function to report some
     * significant decision, e.g. to explain why OFPP_NORMAL translation
     * dropped a packet. */
    void (*report_hook)(struct xlate_ctx *, const char *s);

    /* If nonnull, flow translation credits the specified statistics to each
     * rule reached through a resubmit or OFPP_TABLE action.
     *
     * This is normally null so the client has to set it manually after
     * calling xlate_in_init(). */
    const struct dpif_flow_stats *resubmit_stats;
};

/* Context used by xlate_actions() and its callees. */
struct xlate_ctx {
    struct xlate_in *xin;
    struct xlate_out *xout;

    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    /* Flow at the last commit. */
    struct flow base_flow;

    /* Tunnel IP destination address as received.  This is stored separately
     * as the base_flow.tunnel is cleared on init to reflect the datapath
     * behavior.  Used to make sure not to send tunneled output to ourselves,
     * which might lead to an infinite loop.  This could happen easily
     * if a tunnel is marked as 'ip_remote=flow', and the flow does not
     * actually set the tun_dst field. */
    ovs_be32 orig_tunnel_ip_dst;

    /* Stack for the push and pop actions.  Each stack element is of type
     * "union mf_subvalue". */
    union mf_subvalue init_stack[1024 / sizeof(union mf_subvalue)];
    struct ofpbuf stack;

    /* The rule that we are currently translating, or NULL. */
    struct rule_dpif *rule;

    int recurse;                /* Recursion level, via xlate_table_action. */
    bool max_resubmit_trigger;  /* Recursed too deeply during translation. */
    uint32_t orig_skb_priority; /* Priority when packet arrived. */
    uint8_t table_id;           /* OpenFlow table ID where flow was found. */
    uint32_t sflow_n_outputs;   /* Number of output ports. */
    uint32_t sflow_odp_port;    /* Output port for composing sFlow action. */
    uint16_t user_cookie_offset;/* Used for user_action_cookie fixup. */
    bool exit;                  /* No further actions should be processed. */
};

static void xlate_in_init(struct xlate_in *, struct ofproto_dpif *,
                          const struct flow *, const struct initial_vals *,
                          struct rule_dpif *, uint8_t tcp_flags,
                          const struct ofpbuf *);

static void xlate_out_uninit(struct xlate_out *);

static void xlate_actions(struct xlate_in *, struct xlate_out *);

static void xlate_actions_for_side_effects(struct xlate_in *);

static void xlate_table_action(struct xlate_ctx *, uint16_t in_port,
                               uint8_t table_id, bool may_packet_in);

static size_t put_userspace_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                   struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                                   const struct flow *,
                                   const union user_action_cookie *,
                                   const size_t);

static void compose_slow_path(const struct ofproto_dpif *, const struct flow *,
                              enum slow_path_reason,
                              uint64_t *stub, size_t stub_size,
                              const struct nlattr **actionsp,
                              size_t *actions_lenp);

static void xlate_report(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, const char *s);

/* A subfacet (see "struct subfacet" below) has three possible installation
 * states:
 *
 *   - SF_NOT_INSTALLED: Not installed in the datapath.  This will only be the
 *     case just after the subfacet is created, just before the subfacet is
 *     destroyed, or if the datapath returns an error when we try to install a
 *     subfacet.
 *
 *   - SF_FAST_PATH: The subfacet's actions are installed in the datapath.
 *
 *   - SF_SLOW_PATH: An action that sends every packet for the subfacet through
 *     ofproto_dpif is installed in the datapath.
 */
enum subfacet_path {
    SF_NOT_INSTALLED,           /* No datapath flow for this subfacet. */
    SF_FAST_PATH,               /* Full actions are installed. */
    SF_SLOW_PATH,               /* Send-to-userspace action is installed. */
};

/* A dpif flow and actions associated with a facet.
 *
 * See also the large comment on struct facet. */
struct subfacet {
    /* Owners. */
    struct hmap_node hmap_node; /* In struct ofproto_dpif 'subfacets' list. */
    struct list list_node;      /* In struct facet's 'facets' list. */
    struct facet *facet;        /* Owning facet. */
    struct dpif_backer *backer; /* Owning backer. */

    enum odp_key_fitness key_fitness;
    struct nlattr *key;
    int key_len;

    long long int used;         /* Time last used; time created if not used. */
    long long int created;      /* Time created. */

    uint64_t dp_packet_count;   /* Last known packet count in the datapath. */
    uint64_t dp_byte_count;     /* Last known byte count in the datapath. */

    enum subfacet_path path;    /* Installed in datapath? */
};

#define SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH 50

static struct subfacet *subfacet_create(struct facet *, struct flow_miss *miss,
                                        long long int now);
static struct subfacet *subfacet_find(struct dpif_backer *,
                                      const struct nlattr *key, size_t key_len,
                                      uint32_t key_hash);
static void subfacet_destroy(struct subfacet *);
static void subfacet_destroy__(struct subfacet *);
static void subfacet_destroy_batch(struct dpif_backer *,
                                   struct subfacet **, int n);
static void subfacet_reset_dp_stats(struct subfacet *,
                                    struct dpif_flow_stats *);
static void subfacet_update_stats(struct subfacet *,
                                  const struct dpif_flow_stats *);
static int subfacet_install(struct subfacet *,
                            const struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                            struct dpif_flow_stats *);
static void subfacet_uninstall(struct subfacet *);

/* An exact-match instantiation of an OpenFlow flow.
 *
 * A facet associates a "struct flow", which represents the Open vSwitch
 * userspace idea of an exact-match flow, with one or more subfacets.  Each
 * subfacet tracks the datapath's idea of the exact-match flow equivalent to
 * the facet.  When the kernel module (or other dpif implementation) and Open
 * vSwitch userspace agree on the definition of a flow key, there is exactly
 * one subfacet per facet.  If the dpif implementation supports more-specific
 * flow matching than userspace, however, a facet can have more than one
 * subfacet, each of which corresponds to some distinction in flow that
 * userspace simply doesn't understand.
 *
 * Flow expiration works in terms of subfacets, so a facet must have at least
 * one subfacet or it will never expire, leaking memory. */
struct facet {
    /* Owners. */
    struct hmap_node hmap_node;  /* In owning ofproto's 'facets' hmap. */
    struct list list_node;       /* In owning rule's 'facets' list. */
    struct rule_dpif *rule;      /* Owning rule. */

    /* Owned data. */
    struct list subfacets;
    long long int used;         /* Time last used; time created if not used. */

    /* Key. */
    struct flow flow;

    /* These statistics:
     *
     *   - Do include packets and bytes sent "by hand", e.g. with
     *     dpif_execute().
     *
     *   - Do include packets and bytes that were obtained from the datapath
     *     when a subfacet's statistics were reset (e.g. dpif_flow_put() with
     *     DPIF_FP_ZERO_STATS).
     *
     *   - Do not include packets or bytes that can be obtained from the
     *     datapath for any existing subfacet.
     */
    uint64_t packet_count;       /* Number of packets received. */
    uint64_t byte_count;         /* Number of bytes received. */

    /* Resubmit statistics. */
    uint64_t prev_packet_count;  /* Number of packets from last stats push. */
    uint64_t prev_byte_count;    /* Number of bytes from last stats push. */
    long long int prev_used;     /* Used time from last stats push. */

    /* Accounting. */
    uint64_t accounted_bytes;    /* Bytes processed by facet_account(). */
    struct netflow_flow nf_flow; /* Per-flow NetFlow tracking data. */
    uint8_t tcp_flags;           /* TCP flags seen for this 'rule'. */

    struct xlate_out xout;

    /* Initial values of the packet that may be needed later. */
    struct initial_vals initial_vals;

    /* Storage for a single subfacet, to reduce malloc() time and space
     * overhead.  (A facet always has at least one subfacet and in the common
     * case has exactly one subfacet.  However, 'one_subfacet' may not
     * always be valid, since it could have been removed after newer
     * subfacets were pushed onto the 'subfacets' list.) */
    struct subfacet one_subfacet;

    long long int learn_rl;      /* Rate limiter for facet_learn(). */
};

static struct facet *facet_create(const struct flow_miss *, uint32_t hash);
static void facet_remove(struct facet *);
static void facet_free(struct facet *);

static struct facet *facet_find(struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                const struct flow *, uint32_t hash);
static struct facet *facet_lookup_valid(struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                        const struct flow *, uint32_t hash);
static bool facet_revalidate(struct facet *);
static bool facet_check_consistency(struct facet *);

static void facet_flush_stats(struct facet *);

static void facet_reset_counters(struct facet *);
static void facet_push_stats(struct facet *, bool may_learn);
static void facet_learn(struct facet *);
static void facet_account(struct facet *);
static void push_all_stats(void);

static bool facet_is_controller_flow(struct facet *);

struct ofport_dpif {
    struct hmap_node odp_port_node; /* In dpif_backer's "odp_to_ofport_map". */
    struct ofport up;

    uint32_t odp_port;
    struct ofbundle *bundle;    /* Bundle that contains this port, if any. */
    struct list bundle_node;    /* In struct ofbundle's "ports" list. */
    struct cfm *cfm;            /* Connectivity Fault Management, if any. */
    struct bfd *bfd;            /* BFD, if any. */
    tag_type tag;               /* Tag associated with this port. */
    bool may_enable;            /* May be enabled in bonds. */
    long long int carrier_seq;  /* Carrier status changes. */
    struct tnl_port *tnl_port;  /* Tunnel handle, or null. */

    /* Spanning tree. */
    struct stp_port *stp_port;  /* Spanning Tree Protocol, if any. */
    enum stp_state stp_state;   /* Always STP_DISABLED if STP not in use. */
    long long int stp_state_entered;

    struct hmap priorities;     /* Map of attached 'priority_to_dscp's. */

    /* Linux VLAN device support (e.g. "eth0.10" for VLAN 10.)
     *
     * This is deprecated.  It is only for compatibility with broken device
     * drivers in old versions of Linux that do not properly support VLANs when
     * VLAN devices are not used.  When broken device drivers are no longer in
     * widespread use, we will delete these interfaces. */
    uint16_t realdev_ofp_port;
    int vlandev_vid;
};

/* Node in 'ofport_dpif''s 'priorities' map.  Used to maintain a map from
 * 'priority' (the datapath's term for QoS queue) to the dscp bits which all
 * traffic egressing the 'ofport' with that priority should be marked with. */
struct priority_to_dscp {
    struct hmap_node hmap_node; /* Node in 'ofport_dpif''s 'priorities' map. */
    uint32_t priority;          /* Priority of this queue (see struct flow). */

    uint8_t dscp;               /* DSCP bits to mark outgoing traffic with. */
};

/* Linux VLAN device support (e.g. "eth0.10" for VLAN 10.)
 *
 * This is deprecated.  It is only for compatibility with broken device drivers
 * in old versions of Linux that do not properly support VLANs when VLAN
 * devices are not used.  When broken device drivers are no longer in
 * widespread use, we will delete these interfaces. */
struct vlan_splinter {
    struct hmap_node realdev_vid_node;
    struct hmap_node vlandev_node;
    uint16_t realdev_ofp_port;
    uint16_t vlandev_ofp_port;
    int vid;
};

static uint16_t vsp_realdev_to_vlandev(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                       uint16_t realdev_ofp_port,
                                       ovs_be16 vlan_tci);
static bool vsp_adjust_flow(const struct ofproto_dpif *, struct flow *);
static void vsp_remove(struct ofport_dpif *);
static void vsp_add(struct ofport_dpif *, uint16_t realdev_ofp_port, int vid);

static uint32_t ofp_port_to_odp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                     uint16_t ofp_port);
static uint16_t odp_port_to_ofp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                     uint32_t odp_port);

static struct ofport_dpif *
ofport_dpif_cast(const struct ofport *ofport)
{
    return ofport ? CONTAINER_OF(ofport, struct ofport_dpif, up) : NULL;
}

static void port_run(struct ofport_dpif *);
static void port_run_fast(struct ofport_dpif *);
static void port_wait(struct ofport_dpif *);
static int set_bfd(struct ofport *, const struct smap *);
static int set_cfm(struct ofport *, const struct cfm_settings *);
static void ofport_clear_priorities(struct ofport_dpif *);
static void run_fast_rl(void);

struct dpif_completion {
    struct list list_node;
    struct ofoperation *op;
};

/* Extra information about a classifier table.
 * Currently used just for optimized flow revalidation. */
struct table_dpif {
    /* If either of these is nonnull, then this table has a form that allows
     * flows to be tagged to avoid revalidating most flows for the most common
     * kinds of flow table changes. */
    struct cls_table *catchall_table; /* Table that wildcards all fields. */
    struct cls_table *other_table;    /* Table with any other wildcard set. */
    uint32_t basis;                   /* Keeps each table's tags separate. */
};

/* Reasons that we might need to revalidate every facet, and corresponding
 * coverage counters.
 *
 * A value of 0 means that there is no need to revalidate.
 *
 * It would be nice to have some cleaner way to integrate with coverage
 * counters, but with only a few reasons I guess this is good enough for
 * now. */
enum revalidate_reason {
    REV_RECONFIGURE = 1,       /* Switch configuration changed. */
    REV_STP,                   /* Spanning tree protocol port status change. */
    REV_PORT_TOGGLED,          /* Port enabled or disabled by CFM, LACP, ...*/
    REV_FLOW_TABLE,            /* Flow table changed. */
    REV_INCONSISTENCY          /* Facet self-check failed. */
};
COVERAGE_DEFINE(rev_reconfigure);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(rev_stp);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(rev_port_toggled);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(rev_flow_table);
COVERAGE_DEFINE(rev_inconsistency);

/* Drop keys are odp flow keys which have drop flows installed in the kernel.
 * These are datapath flows which have no associated ofproto, if they did we
 * would use facets. */
struct drop_key {
    struct hmap_node hmap_node;
    struct nlattr *key;
    size_t key_len;
};

struct avg_subfacet_rates {
    double add_rate;   /* Moving average of new flows created per minute. */
    double del_rate;   /* Moving average of flows deleted per minute. */
};

/* All datapaths of a given type share a single dpif backer instance. */
struct dpif_backer {
    char *type;
    int refcount;
    struct dpif *dpif;
    struct timer next_expiration;
    struct hmap odp_to_ofport_map; /* ODP port to ofport mapping. */

    struct simap tnl_backers;      /* Set of dpif ports backing tunnels. */

    /* Facet revalidation flags applying to facets which use this backer. */
    enum revalidate_reason need_revalidate; /* Revalidate every facet. */
    struct tag_set revalidate_set; /* Revalidate only matching facets. */

    struct hmap drop_keys; /* Set of dropped odp keys. */
    bool recv_set_enable; /* Enables or disables receiving packets. */

    struct hmap subfacets;
    struct governor *governor;

    /* Subfacet statistics.
     *
     * These keep track of the total number of subfacets added and deleted and
     * flow life span.  They are useful for computing the flow rates stats
     * exposed via "ovs-appctl dpif/show".  The goal is to learn about
     * traffic patterns in ways that we can use later to improve Open vSwitch
     * performance in new situations.  */
    long long int created;           /* Time when it is created. */
    unsigned max_n_subfacet;         /* Maximum number of flows */
    unsigned avg_n_subfacet;         /* Average number of flows. */
    long long int avg_subfacet_life; /* Average life span of subfacets. */

    /* The average number of subfacets... */
    struct avg_subfacet_rates hourly;   /* ...over the last hour. */
    struct avg_subfacet_rates daily;    /* ...over the last day. */
    struct avg_subfacet_rates lifetime; /* ...over the switch lifetime. */
    long long int last_minute;          /* Last time 'hourly' was updated. */

    /* Number of subfacets added or deleted since 'last_minute'. */
    unsigned subfacet_add_count;
    unsigned subfacet_del_count;

    /* Number of subfacets added or deleted from 'created' to 'last_minute.' */
    unsigned long long int total_subfacet_add_count;
    unsigned long long int total_subfacet_del_count;
};

/* All existing ofproto_backer instances, indexed by ofproto->up.type. */
static struct shash all_dpif_backers = SHASH_INITIALIZER(&all_dpif_backers);

static void drop_key_clear(struct dpif_backer *);
static struct ofport_dpif *
odp_port_to_ofport(const struct dpif_backer *, uint32_t odp_port);
static void update_moving_averages(struct dpif_backer *backer);

struct ofproto_dpif {
    struct hmap_node all_ofproto_dpifs_node; /* In 'all_ofproto_dpifs'. */
    struct ofproto up;
    struct dpif_backer *backer;

    /* Special OpenFlow rules. */
    struct rule_dpif *miss_rule; /* Sends flow table misses to controller. */
    struct rule_dpif *no_packet_in_rule; /* Drops flow table misses. */
    struct rule_dpif *drop_frags_rule; /* Used in OFPC_FRAG_DROP mode. */

    /* Bridging. */
    struct netflow *netflow;
    struct dpif_sflow *sflow;
    struct dpif_ipfix *ipfix;
    struct hmap bundles;        /* Contains "struct ofbundle"s. */
    struct mac_learning *ml;
    struct ofmirror *mirrors[MAX_MIRRORS];
    bool has_mirrors;
    bool has_bonded_bundles;

    /* Facets. */
    struct hmap facets;
    long long int consistency_rl;

    /* Revalidation. */
    struct table_dpif tables[N_TABLES];

    /* Support for debugging async flow mods. */
    struct list completions;

    bool has_bundle_action; /* True when the first bundle action appears. */
    struct netdev_stats stats; /* To account packets generated and consumed in
                                * userspace. */

    /* Spanning tree. */
    struct stp *stp;
    long long int stp_last_tick;

    /* VLAN splinters. */
    struct hmap realdev_vid_map; /* (realdev,vid) -> vlandev. */
    struct hmap vlandev_map;     /* vlandev -> (realdev,vid). */

    /* Ports. */
    struct sset ports;             /* Set of standard port names. */
    struct sset ghost_ports;       /* Ports with no datapath port. */
    struct sset port_poll_set;     /* Queued names for port_poll() reply. */
    int port_poll_errno;           /* Last errno for port_poll() reply. */

    /* Per ofproto's dpif stats. */
    uint64_t n_hit;
    uint64_t n_missed;
};

/* Defer flow mod completion until "ovs-appctl ofproto/unclog"?  (Useful only
 * for debugging the asynchronous flow_mod implementation.) */
static bool clogged;

/* All existing ofproto_dpif instances, indexed by ->up.name. */
static struct hmap all_ofproto_dpifs = HMAP_INITIALIZER(&all_ofproto_dpifs);

static void ofproto_dpif_unixctl_init(void);

static struct ofproto_dpif *
ofproto_dpif_cast(const struct ofproto *ofproto)
{
    ovs_assert(ofproto->ofproto_class == &ofproto_dpif_class);
    return CONTAINER_OF(ofproto, struct ofproto_dpif, up);
}

static struct ofport_dpif *get_ofp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                        uint16_t ofp_port);
static struct ofport_dpif *get_odp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                        uint32_t odp_port);
static void ofproto_trace(struct ofproto_dpif *, const struct flow *,
                          const struct ofpbuf *,
                          const struct initial_vals *, struct ds *);

/* Packet processing. */
static void update_learning_table(struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                  const struct flow *, int vlan,
                                  struct ofbundle *);
/* Upcalls. */
#define FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH 50
static int handle_upcalls(struct dpif_backer *, unsigned int max_batch);

/* Flow expiration. */
static int expire(struct dpif_backer *);

/* NetFlow. */
static void send_netflow_active_timeouts(struct ofproto_dpif *);

/* Utilities. */
static int send_packet(const struct ofport_dpif *, struct ofpbuf *packet);
static size_t compose_sflow_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                   struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                                   const struct flow *, uint32_t odp_port);
static void compose_ipfix_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *,
                                 struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                                 const struct flow *);
static void add_mirror_actions(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                               const struct flow *flow);
/* Global variables. */
static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);

/* Initial mappings of port to bridge mappings. */
static struct shash init_ofp_ports = SHASH_INITIALIZER(&init_ofp_ports);
\f
/* Factory functions. */

static void
init(const struct shash *iface_hints)
{
    struct shash_node *node;

    /* Make a local copy, since we don't own 'iface_hints' elements. */
    SHASH_FOR_EACH(node, iface_hints) {
        const struct iface_hint *orig_hint = node->data;
        struct iface_hint *new_hint = xmalloc(sizeof *new_hint);

        new_hint->br_name = xstrdup(orig_hint->br_name);
        new_hint->br_type = xstrdup(orig_hint->br_type);
        new_hint->ofp_port = orig_hint->ofp_port;

        shash_add(&init_ofp_ports, node->name, new_hint);
    }
}

static void
enumerate_types(struct sset *types)
{
    dp_enumerate_types(types);
}

static int
enumerate_names(const char *type, struct sset *names)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    sset_clear(names);
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        if (strcmp(type, ofproto->up.type)) {
            continue;
        }
        sset_add(names, ofproto->up.name);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
del(const char *type, const char *name)
{
    struct dpif *dpif;
    int error;

    error = dpif_open(name, type, &dpif);
    if (!error) {
        error = dpif_delete(dpif);
        dpif_close(dpif);
    }
    return error;
}
\f
static const char *
port_open_type(const char *datapath_type, const char *port_type)
{
    return dpif_port_open_type(datapath_type, port_type);
}

/* Type functions. */

static struct ofproto_dpif *
lookup_ofproto_dpif_by_port_name(const char *name)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        if (sset_contains(&ofproto->ports, name)) {
            return ofproto;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

static int
type_run(const char *type)
{
    static long long int push_timer = LLONG_MIN;
    struct dpif_backer *backer;
    char *devname;
    int error;

    backer = shash_find_data(&all_dpif_backers, type);
    if (!backer) {
        /* This is not necessarily a problem, since backers are only
         * created on demand. */
        return 0;
    }

    dpif_run(backer->dpif);

    /* The most natural place to push facet statistics is when they're pulled
     * from the datapath.  However, when there are many flows in the datapath,
     * this expensive operation can occur so frequently, that it reduces our
     * ability to quickly set up flows.  To reduce the cost, we push statistics
     * here instead. */
    if (time_msec() > push_timer) {
        push_timer = time_msec() + 2000;
        push_all_stats();
    }

    /* If vswitchd started with other_config:flow_restore_wait set as "true",
     * and the configuration has now changed to "false", enable receiving
     * packets from the datapath. */
    if (!backer->recv_set_enable && !ofproto_get_flow_restore_wait()) {
        backer->recv_set_enable = true;

        error = dpif_recv_set(backer->dpif, backer->recv_set_enable);
        if (error) {
            VLOG_ERR("Failed to enable receiving packets in dpif.");
            return error;
        }
        dpif_flow_flush(backer->dpif);
        backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    }

    if (backer->need_revalidate
        || !tag_set_is_empty(&backer->revalidate_set)) {
        struct tag_set revalidate_set = backer->revalidate_set;
        bool need_revalidate = backer->need_revalidate;
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
        struct simap_node *node;
        struct simap tmp_backers;

        /* Handle tunnel garbage collection. */
        simap_init(&tmp_backers);
        simap_swap(&backer->tnl_backers, &tmp_backers);

        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
            struct ofport_dpif *iter;

            if (backer != ofproto->backer) {
                continue;
            }

            HMAP_FOR_EACH (iter, up.hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
                char namebuf[NETDEV_VPORT_NAME_BUFSIZE];
                const char *dp_port;

                if (!iter->tnl_port) {
                    continue;
                }

                dp_port = netdev_vport_get_dpif_port(iter->up.netdev,
                                                     namebuf, sizeof namebuf);
                node = simap_find(&tmp_backers, dp_port);
                if (node) {
                    simap_put(&backer->tnl_backers, dp_port, node->data);
                    simap_delete(&tmp_backers, node);
                    node = simap_find(&backer->tnl_backers, dp_port);
                } else {
                    node = simap_find(&backer->tnl_backers, dp_port);
                    if (!node) {
                        uint32_t odp_port = UINT32_MAX;

                        if (!dpif_port_add(backer->dpif, iter->up.netdev,
                                           &odp_port)) {
                            simap_put(&backer->tnl_backers, dp_port, odp_port);
                            node = simap_find(&backer->tnl_backers, dp_port);
                        }
                    }
                }

                iter->odp_port = node ? node->data : OVSP_NONE;
                if (tnl_port_reconfigure(&iter->up, iter->odp_port,
                                         &iter->tnl_port)) {
                    backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
                }
            }
        }

        SIMAP_FOR_EACH (node, &tmp_backers) {
            dpif_port_del(backer->dpif, node->data);
        }
        simap_destroy(&tmp_backers);

        switch (backer->need_revalidate) {
        case REV_RECONFIGURE:   COVERAGE_INC(rev_reconfigure);   break;
        case REV_STP:           COVERAGE_INC(rev_stp);           break;
        case REV_PORT_TOGGLED:  COVERAGE_INC(rev_port_toggled);  break;
        case REV_FLOW_TABLE:    COVERAGE_INC(rev_flow_table);    break;
        case REV_INCONSISTENCY: COVERAGE_INC(rev_inconsistency); break;
        }

        if (backer->need_revalidate) {
            /* Clear the drop_keys in case we should now be accepting some
             * formerly dropped flows. */
            drop_key_clear(backer);
        }

        /* Clear the revalidation flags. */
        tag_set_init(&backer->revalidate_set);
        backer->need_revalidate = 0;

        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
            struct facet *facet, *next;

            if (ofproto->backer != backer) {
                continue;
            }

            HMAP_FOR_EACH_SAFE (facet, next, hmap_node, &ofproto->facets) {
                if (need_revalidate
                    || tag_set_intersects(&revalidate_set, facet->xout.tags)) {
                    facet_revalidate(facet);
                    run_fast_rl();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (!backer->recv_set_enable) {
        /* Wake up before a max of 1000ms. */
        timer_set_duration(&backer->next_expiration, 1000);
    } else if (timer_expired(&backer->next_expiration)) {
        int delay = expire(backer);
        timer_set_duration(&backer->next_expiration, delay);
    }

    /* Check for port changes in the dpif. */
    while ((error = dpif_port_poll(backer->dpif, &devname)) == 0) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
        struct dpif_port port;

        /* Don't report on the datapath's device. */
        if (!strcmp(devname, dpif_base_name(backer->dpif))) {
            goto next;
        }

        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node,
                       &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
            if (simap_contains(&ofproto->backer->tnl_backers, devname)) {
                goto next;
            }
        }

        ofproto = lookup_ofproto_dpif_by_port_name(devname);
        if (dpif_port_query_by_name(backer->dpif, devname, &port)) {
            /* The port was removed.  If we know the datapath,
             * report it through poll_set().  If we don't, it may be
             * notifying us of a removal we initiated, so ignore it.
             * If there's a pending ENOBUFS, let it stand, since
             * everything will be reevaluated. */
            if (ofproto && ofproto->port_poll_errno != ENOBUFS) {
                sset_add(&ofproto->port_poll_set, devname);
                ofproto->port_poll_errno = 0;
            }
        } else if (!ofproto) {
            /* The port was added, but we don't know with which
             * ofproto we should associate it.  Delete it. */
            dpif_port_del(backer->dpif, port.port_no);
        }
        dpif_port_destroy(&port);

    next:
        free(devname);
    }

    if (error != EAGAIN) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

        /* There was some sort of error, so propagate it to all
         * ofprotos that use this backer. */
        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node,
                       &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
            if (ofproto->backer == backer) {
                sset_clear(&ofproto->port_poll_set);
                ofproto->port_poll_errno = error;
            }
        }
    }

    if (backer->governor) {
        size_t n_subfacets;

        governor_run(backer->governor);

        /* If the governor has shrunk to its minimum size and the number of
         * subfacets has dwindled, then drop the governor entirely.
         *
         * For hysteresis, the number of subfacets to drop the governor is
         * smaller than the number needed to trigger its creation. */
        n_subfacets = hmap_count(&backer->subfacets);
        if (n_subfacets * 4 < flow_eviction_threshold
            && governor_is_idle(backer->governor)) {
            governor_destroy(backer->governor);
            backer->governor = NULL;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
dpif_backer_run_fast(struct dpif_backer *backer, int max_batch)
{
    unsigned int work;

    /* If recv_set_enable is false, we should not handle upcalls. */
    if (!backer->recv_set_enable) {
        return 0;
    }

    /* Handle one or more batches of upcalls, until there's nothing left to do
     * or until we do a fixed total amount of work.
     *
     * We do work in batches because it can be much cheaper to set up a number
     * of flows and fire off their patches all at once.  We do multiple batches
     * because in some cases handling a packet can cause another packet to be
     * queued almost immediately as part of the return flow.  Both
     * optimizations can make major improvements on some benchmarks and
     * presumably for real traffic as well. */
    work = 0;
    while (work < max_batch) {
        int retval = handle_upcalls(backer, max_batch - work);
        if (retval <= 0) {
            return -retval;
        }
        work += retval;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
type_run_fast(const char *type)
{
    struct dpif_backer *backer;

    backer = shash_find_data(&all_dpif_backers, type);
    if (!backer) {
        /* This is not necessarily a problem, since backers are only
         * created on demand. */
        return 0;
    }

    return dpif_backer_run_fast(backer, FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH);
}

static void
run_fast_rl(void)
{
    static long long int port_rl = LLONG_MIN;
    static unsigned int backer_rl = 0;

    if (time_msec() >= port_rl) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
        struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {

            HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, up.hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
                port_run_fast(ofport);
            }
        }
        port_rl = time_msec() + 200;
    }

    /* XXX: We have to be careful not to do too much work in this function.  If
     * we call dpif_backer_run_fast() too often, or with too large a batch,
     * performance improves signifcantly, but at a cost.  It's possible for the
     * number of flows in the datapath to increase without bound, and for poll
     * loops to take 10s of seconds.   The correct solution to this problem,
     * long term, is to separate flow miss handling into it's own thread so it
     * isn't affected by revalidations, and expirations.  Until then, this is
     * the best we can do. */
    if (++backer_rl >= 10) {
        struct shash_node *node;

        backer_rl = 0;
        SHASH_FOR_EACH (node, &all_dpif_backers) {
            dpif_backer_run_fast(node->data, 1);
        }
    }
}

static void
type_wait(const char *type)
{
    struct dpif_backer *backer;

    backer = shash_find_data(&all_dpif_backers, type);
    if (!backer) {
        /* This is not necessarily a problem, since backers are only
         * created on demand. */
        return;
    }

    if (backer->governor) {
        governor_wait(backer->governor);
    }

    timer_wait(&backer->next_expiration);
}
\f
/* Basic life-cycle. */

static int add_internal_flows(struct ofproto_dpif *);

static struct ofproto *
alloc(void)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = xmalloc(sizeof *ofproto);
    return &ofproto->up;
}

static void
dealloc(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    free(ofproto);
}

static void
close_dpif_backer(struct dpif_backer *backer)
{
    struct shash_node *node;

    ovs_assert(backer->refcount > 0);

    if (--backer->refcount) {
        return;
    }

    drop_key_clear(backer);
    hmap_destroy(&backer->drop_keys);

    simap_destroy(&backer->tnl_backers);
    hmap_destroy(&backer->odp_to_ofport_map);
    node = shash_find(&all_dpif_backers, backer->type);
    free(backer->type);
    shash_delete(&all_dpif_backers, node);
    dpif_close(backer->dpif);

    ovs_assert(hmap_is_empty(&backer->subfacets));
    hmap_destroy(&backer->subfacets);
    governor_destroy(backer->governor);

    free(backer);
}

/* Datapath port slated for removal from datapath. */
struct odp_garbage {
    struct list list_node;
    uint32_t odp_port;
};

static int
open_dpif_backer(const char *type, struct dpif_backer **backerp)
{
    struct dpif_backer *backer;
    struct dpif_port_dump port_dump;
    struct dpif_port port;
    struct shash_node *node;
    struct list garbage_list;
    struct odp_garbage *garbage, *next;
    struct sset names;
    char *backer_name;
    const char *name;
    int error;

    backer = shash_find_data(&all_dpif_backers, type);
    if (backer) {
        backer->refcount++;
        *backerp = backer;
        return 0;
    }

    backer_name = xasprintf("ovs-%s", type);

    /* Remove any existing datapaths, since we assume we're the only
     * userspace controlling the datapath. */
    sset_init(&names);
    dp_enumerate_names(type, &names);
    SSET_FOR_EACH(name, &names) {
        struct dpif *old_dpif;

        /* Don't remove our backer if it exists. */
        if (!strcmp(name, backer_name)) {
            continue;
        }

        if (dpif_open(name, type, &old_dpif)) {
            VLOG_WARN("couldn't open old datapath %s to remove it", name);
        } else {
            dpif_delete(old_dpif);
            dpif_close(old_dpif);
        }
    }
    sset_destroy(&names);

    backer = xmalloc(sizeof *backer);

    error = dpif_create_and_open(backer_name, type, &backer->dpif);
    free(backer_name);
    if (error) {
        VLOG_ERR("failed to open datapath of type %s: %s", type,
                 strerror(error));
        free(backer);
        return error;
    }

    backer->type = xstrdup(type);
    backer->governor = NULL;
    backer->refcount = 1;
    hmap_init(&backer->odp_to_ofport_map);
    hmap_init(&backer->drop_keys);
    hmap_init(&backer->subfacets);
    timer_set_duration(&backer->next_expiration, 1000);
    backer->need_revalidate = 0;
    simap_init(&backer->tnl_backers);
    tag_set_init(&backer->revalidate_set);
    backer->recv_set_enable = !ofproto_get_flow_restore_wait();
    *backerp = backer;

    if (backer->recv_set_enable) {
        dpif_flow_flush(backer->dpif);
    }

    /* Loop through the ports already on the datapath and remove any
     * that we don't need anymore. */
    list_init(&garbage_list);
    dpif_port_dump_start(&port_dump, backer->dpif);
    while (dpif_port_dump_next(&port_dump, &port)) {
        node = shash_find(&init_ofp_ports, port.name);
        if (!node && strcmp(port.name, dpif_base_name(backer->dpif))) {
            garbage = xmalloc(sizeof *garbage);
            garbage->odp_port = port.port_no;
            list_push_front(&garbage_list, &garbage->list_node);
        }
    }
    dpif_port_dump_done(&port_dump);

    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (garbage, next, list_node, &garbage_list) {
        dpif_port_del(backer->dpif, garbage->odp_port);
        list_remove(&garbage->list_node);
        free(garbage);
    }

    shash_add(&all_dpif_backers, type, backer);

    error = dpif_recv_set(backer->dpif, backer->recv_set_enable);
    if (error) {
        VLOG_ERR("failed to listen on datapath of type %s: %s",
                 type, strerror(error));
        close_dpif_backer(backer);
        return error;
    }

    backer->max_n_subfacet = 0;
    backer->created = time_msec();
    backer->last_minute = backer->created;
    memset(&backer->hourly, 0, sizeof backer->hourly);
    memset(&backer->daily, 0, sizeof backer->daily);
    memset(&backer->lifetime, 0, sizeof backer->lifetime);
    backer->subfacet_add_count = 0;
    backer->subfacet_del_count = 0;
    backer->total_subfacet_add_count = 0;
    backer->total_subfacet_del_count = 0;
    backer->avg_n_subfacet = 0;
    backer->avg_subfacet_life = 0;

    return error;
}

static int
construct(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct shash_node *node, *next;
    int max_ports;
    int error;
    int i;

    error = open_dpif_backer(ofproto->up.type, &ofproto->backer);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    max_ports = dpif_get_max_ports(ofproto->backer->dpif);
    ofproto_init_max_ports(ofproto_, MIN(max_ports, OFPP_MAX));

    ofproto->netflow = NULL;
    ofproto->sflow = NULL;
    ofproto->ipfix = NULL;
    ofproto->stp = NULL;
    hmap_init(&ofproto->bundles);
    ofproto->ml = mac_learning_create(MAC_ENTRY_DEFAULT_IDLE_TIME);
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        ofproto->mirrors[i] = NULL;
    }
    ofproto->has_bonded_bundles = false;

    hmap_init(&ofproto->facets);
    ofproto->consistency_rl = LLONG_MIN;

    for (i = 0; i < N_TABLES; i++) {
        struct table_dpif *table = &ofproto->tables[i];

        table->catchall_table = NULL;
        table->other_table = NULL;
        table->basis = random_uint32();
    }

    list_init(&ofproto->completions);

    ofproto_dpif_unixctl_init();

    ofproto->has_mirrors = false;
    ofproto->has_bundle_action = false;

    hmap_init(&ofproto->vlandev_map);
    hmap_init(&ofproto->realdev_vid_map);

    sset_init(&ofproto->ports);
    sset_init(&ofproto->ghost_ports);
    sset_init(&ofproto->port_poll_set);
    ofproto->port_poll_errno = 0;

    SHASH_FOR_EACH_SAFE (node, next, &init_ofp_ports) {
        struct iface_hint *iface_hint = node->data;

        if (!strcmp(iface_hint->br_name, ofproto->up.name)) {
            /* Check if the datapath already has this port. */
            if (dpif_port_exists(ofproto->backer->dpif, node->name)) {
                sset_add(&ofproto->ports, node->name);
            }

            free(iface_hint->br_name);
            free(iface_hint->br_type);
            free(iface_hint);
            shash_delete(&init_ofp_ports, node);
        }
    }

    hmap_insert(&all_ofproto_dpifs, &ofproto->all_ofproto_dpifs_node,
                hash_string(ofproto->up.name, 0));
    memset(&ofproto->stats, 0, sizeof ofproto->stats);

    ofproto_init_tables(ofproto_, N_TABLES);
    error = add_internal_flows(ofproto);
    ofproto->up.tables[TBL_INTERNAL].flags = OFTABLE_HIDDEN | OFTABLE_READONLY;

    ofproto->n_hit = 0;
    ofproto->n_missed = 0;

    return error;
}

static int
add_internal_flow(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, int id,
                  const struct ofpbuf *ofpacts, struct rule_dpif **rulep)
{
    struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
    int error;

    match_init_catchall(&fm.match);
    fm.priority = 0;
    match_set_reg(&fm.match, 0, id);
    fm.new_cookie = htonll(0);
    fm.cookie = htonll(0);
    fm.cookie_mask = htonll(0);
    fm.table_id = TBL_INTERNAL;
    fm.command = OFPFC_ADD;
    fm.idle_timeout = 0;
    fm.hard_timeout = 0;
    fm.buffer_id = 0;
    fm.out_port = 0;
    fm.flags = 0;
    fm.ofpacts = ofpacts->data;
    fm.ofpacts_len = ofpacts->size;

    error = ofproto_flow_mod(&ofproto->up, &fm);
    if (error) {
        VLOG_ERR_RL(&rl, "failed to add internal flow %d (%s)",
                    id, ofperr_to_string(error));
        return error;
    }

    *rulep = rule_dpif_lookup__(ofproto, &fm.match.flow, TBL_INTERNAL);
    ovs_assert(*rulep != NULL);

    return 0;
}

static int
add_internal_flows(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    struct ofpact_controller *controller;
    uint64_t ofpacts_stub[128 / 8];
    struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
    int error;
    int id;

    ofpbuf_use_stack(&ofpacts, ofpacts_stub, sizeof ofpacts_stub);
    id = 1;

    controller = ofpact_put_CONTROLLER(&ofpacts);
    controller->max_len = UINT16_MAX;
    controller->controller_id = 0;
    controller->reason = OFPR_NO_MATCH;
    ofpact_pad(&ofpacts);

    error = add_internal_flow(ofproto, id++, &ofpacts, &ofproto->miss_rule);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    ofpbuf_clear(&ofpacts);
    error = add_internal_flow(ofproto, id++, &ofpacts,
                              &ofproto->no_packet_in_rule);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    error = add_internal_flow(ofproto, id++, &ofpacts,
                              &ofproto->drop_frags_rule);
    return error;
}

static void
complete_operations(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    struct dpif_completion *c, *next;

    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (c, next, list_node, &ofproto->completions) {
        ofoperation_complete(c->op, 0);
        list_remove(&c->list_node);
        free(c);
    }
}

static void
destruct(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct rule_dpif *rule, *next_rule;
    struct oftable *table;
    int i;

    hmap_remove(&all_ofproto_dpifs, &ofproto->all_ofproto_dpifs_node);
    complete_operations(ofproto);

    OFPROTO_FOR_EACH_TABLE (table, &ofproto->up) {
        struct cls_cursor cursor;

        cls_cursor_init(&cursor, &table->cls, NULL);
        CLS_CURSOR_FOR_EACH_SAFE (rule, next_rule, up.cr, &cursor) {
            ofproto_rule_destroy(&rule->up);
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        mirror_destroy(ofproto->mirrors[i]);
    }

    netflow_destroy(ofproto->netflow);
    dpif_sflow_destroy(ofproto->sflow);
    hmap_destroy(&ofproto->bundles);
    mac_learning_destroy(ofproto->ml);

    hmap_destroy(&ofproto->facets);

    hmap_destroy(&ofproto->vlandev_map);
    hmap_destroy(&ofproto->realdev_vid_map);

    sset_destroy(&ofproto->ports);
    sset_destroy(&ofproto->ghost_ports);
    sset_destroy(&ofproto->port_poll_set);

    close_dpif_backer(ofproto->backer);
}

static int
run_fast(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

    /* Do not perform any periodic activity required by 'ofproto' while
     * waiting for flow restore to complete. */
    if (ofproto_get_flow_restore_wait()) {
        return 0;
    }

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, up.hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
        port_run_fast(ofport);
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
run(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport;
    struct ofbundle *bundle;
    int error;

    if (!clogged) {
        complete_operations(ofproto);
    }

    /* Do not perform any periodic activity below required by 'ofproto' while
     * waiting for flow restore to complete. */
    if (ofproto_get_flow_restore_wait()) {
        return 0;
    }

    error = run_fast(ofproto_);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    if (ofproto->netflow) {
        if (netflow_run(ofproto->netflow)) {
            send_netflow_active_timeouts(ofproto);
        }
    }
    if (ofproto->sflow) {
        dpif_sflow_run(ofproto->sflow);
    }

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, up.hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
        port_run(ofport);
    }
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &ofproto->bundles) {
        bundle_run(bundle);
    }

    stp_run(ofproto);
    mac_learning_run(ofproto->ml, &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);

    /* Check the consistency of a random facet, to aid debugging. */
    if (time_msec() >= ofproto->consistency_rl
        && !hmap_is_empty(&ofproto->facets)
        && !ofproto->backer->need_revalidate) {
        struct facet *facet;

        ofproto->consistency_rl = time_msec() + 250;

        facet = CONTAINER_OF(hmap_random_node(&ofproto->facets),
                             struct facet, hmap_node);
        if (!tag_set_intersects(&ofproto->backer->revalidate_set,
                                facet->xout.tags)) {
            if (!facet_check_consistency(facet)) {
                ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_INCONSISTENCY;
            }
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

static void
wait(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport;
    struct ofbundle *bundle;

    if (!clogged && !list_is_empty(&ofproto->completions)) {
        poll_immediate_wake();
    }

    if (ofproto_get_flow_restore_wait()) {
        return;
    }

    dpif_wait(ofproto->backer->dpif);
    dpif_recv_wait(ofproto->backer->dpif);
    if (ofproto->sflow) {
        dpif_sflow_wait(ofproto->sflow);
    }
    if (!tag_set_is_empty(&ofproto->backer->revalidate_set)) {
        poll_immediate_wake();
    }
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, up.hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
        port_wait(ofport);
    }
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &ofproto->bundles) {
        bundle_wait(bundle);
    }
    if (ofproto->netflow) {
        netflow_wait(ofproto->netflow);
    }
    mac_learning_wait(ofproto->ml);
    stp_wait(ofproto);
    if (ofproto->backer->need_revalidate) {
        /* Shouldn't happen, but if it does just go around again. */
        VLOG_DBG_RL(&rl, "need revalidate in ofproto_wait_cb()");
        poll_immediate_wake();
    }
}

static void
get_memory_usage(const struct ofproto *ofproto_, struct simap *usage)
{
    const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    size_t n_subfacets = 0;
    struct facet *facet;

    simap_increase(usage, "facets", hmap_count(&ofproto->facets));
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (facet, hmap_node, &ofproto->facets) {
        n_subfacets += list_size(&facet->subfacets);
    }
    simap_increase(usage, "subfacets", n_subfacets);
}

static void
flush(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct subfacet *subfacet, *next_subfacet;
    struct subfacet *batch[SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH];
    int n_batch;

    n_batch = 0;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH_SAFE (subfacet, next_subfacet, hmap_node,
                        &ofproto->backer->subfacets) {
        if (ofproto_dpif_cast(subfacet->facet->rule->up.ofproto) != ofproto) {
            continue;
        }

        if (subfacet->path != SF_NOT_INSTALLED) {
            batch[n_batch++] = subfacet;
            if (n_batch >= SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH) {
                subfacet_destroy_batch(ofproto->backer, batch, n_batch);
                n_batch = 0;
            }
        } else {
            subfacet_destroy(subfacet);
        }
    }

    if (n_batch > 0) {
        subfacet_destroy_batch(ofproto->backer, batch, n_batch);
    }
}

static void
get_features(struct ofproto *ofproto_ OVS_UNUSED,
             bool *arp_match_ip, enum ofputil_action_bitmap *actions)
{
    *arp_match_ip = true;
    *actions = (OFPUTIL_A_OUTPUT |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_VLAN_VID |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_VLAN_PCP |
                OFPUTIL_A_STRIP_VLAN |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_DL_SRC |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_DL_DST |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_SRC |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_DST |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_TOS |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_TP_SRC |
                OFPUTIL_A_SET_TP_DST |
                OFPUTIL_A_ENQUEUE);
}

static void
get_tables(struct ofproto *ofproto_, struct ofp12_table_stats *ots)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct dpif_dp_stats s;
    uint64_t n_miss, n_no_pkt_in, n_bytes, n_dropped_frags;
    uint64_t n_lookup;

    strcpy(ots->name, "classifier");

    dpif_get_dp_stats(ofproto->backer->dpif, &s);
    rule_get_stats(&ofproto->miss_rule->up, &n_miss, &n_bytes);
    rule_get_stats(&ofproto->no_packet_in_rule->up, &n_no_pkt_in, &n_bytes);
    rule_get_stats(&ofproto->drop_frags_rule->up, &n_dropped_frags, &n_bytes);

    n_lookup = s.n_hit + s.n_missed - n_dropped_frags;
    ots->lookup_count = htonll(n_lookup);
    ots->matched_count = htonll(n_lookup - n_miss - n_no_pkt_in);
}

static struct ofport *
port_alloc(void)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = xmalloc(sizeof *port);
    return &port->up;
}

static void
port_dealloc(struct ofport *port_)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = ofport_dpif_cast(port_);
    free(port);
}

static int
port_construct(struct ofport *port_)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = ofport_dpif_cast(port_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto);
    const struct netdev *netdev = port->up.netdev;
    char namebuf[NETDEV_VPORT_NAME_BUFSIZE];
    struct dpif_port dpif_port;
    int error;

    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    port->bundle = NULL;
    port->cfm = NULL;
    port->bfd = NULL;
    port->tag = tag_create_random();
    port->may_enable = true;
    port->stp_port = NULL;
    port->stp_state = STP_DISABLED;
    port->tnl_port = NULL;
    hmap_init(&port->priorities);
    port->realdev_ofp_port = 0;
    port->vlandev_vid = 0;
    port->carrier_seq = netdev_get_carrier_resets(netdev);

    if (netdev_vport_is_patch(netdev)) {
        /* By bailing out here, we don't submit the port to the sFlow module
         * to be considered for counter polling export.  This is correct
         * because the patch port represents an interface that sFlow considers
         * to be "internal" to the switch as a whole, and therefore not an
         * candidate for counter polling. */
        port->odp_port = OVSP_NONE;
        return 0;
    }

    error = dpif_port_query_by_name(ofproto->backer->dpif,
                                    netdev_vport_get_dpif_port(netdev, namebuf,
                                                               sizeof namebuf),
                                    &dpif_port);
    if (error) {
        return error;
    }

    port->odp_port = dpif_port.port_no;

    if (netdev_get_tunnel_config(netdev)) {
        port->tnl_port = tnl_port_add(&port->up, port->odp_port);
    } else {
        /* Sanity-check that a mapping doesn't already exist.  This
         * shouldn't happen for non-tunnel ports. */
        if (odp_port_to_ofp_port(ofproto, port->odp_port) != OFPP_NONE) {
            VLOG_ERR("port %s already has an OpenFlow port number",
                     dpif_port.name);
            dpif_port_destroy(&dpif_port);
            return EBUSY;
        }

        hmap_insert(&ofproto->backer->odp_to_ofport_map, &port->odp_port_node,
                    hash_int(port->odp_port, 0));
    }
    dpif_port_destroy(&dpif_port);

    if (ofproto->sflow) {
        dpif_sflow_add_port(ofproto->sflow, port_, port->odp_port);
    }

    return 0;
}

static void
port_destruct(struct ofport *port_)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = ofport_dpif_cast(port_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto);
    const char *devname = netdev_get_name(port->up.netdev);
    char namebuf[NETDEV_VPORT_NAME_BUFSIZE];
    const char *dp_port_name;

    dp_port_name = netdev_vport_get_dpif_port(port->up.netdev, namebuf,
                                              sizeof namebuf);
    if (dpif_port_exists(ofproto->backer->dpif, dp_port_name)) {
        /* The underlying device is still there, so delete it.  This
         * happens when the ofproto is being destroyed, since the caller
         * assumes that removal of attached ports will happen as part of
         * destruction. */
        if (!port->tnl_port) {
            dpif_port_del(ofproto->backer->dpif, port->odp_port);
        }
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    }

    if (port->odp_port != OVSP_NONE && !port->tnl_port) {
        hmap_remove(&ofproto->backer->odp_to_ofport_map, &port->odp_port_node);
    }

    tnl_port_del(port->tnl_port);
    sset_find_and_delete(&ofproto->ports, devname);
    sset_find_and_delete(&ofproto->ghost_ports, devname);
    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    bundle_remove(port_);
    set_cfm(port_, NULL);
    set_bfd(port_, NULL);
    if (ofproto->sflow) {
        dpif_sflow_del_port(ofproto->sflow, port->odp_port);
    }

    ofport_clear_priorities(port);
    hmap_destroy(&port->priorities);
}

static void
port_modified(struct ofport *port_)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = ofport_dpif_cast(port_);

    if (port->bundle && port->bundle->bond) {
        bond_slave_set_netdev(port->bundle->bond, port, port->up.netdev);
    }

    if (port->cfm) {
        cfm_set_netdev(port->cfm, port->up.netdev);
    }
}

static void
port_reconfigured(struct ofport *port_, enum ofputil_port_config old_config)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = ofport_dpif_cast(port_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto);
    enum ofputil_port_config changed = old_config ^ port->up.pp.config;

    if (changed & (OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV | OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV_STP |
                   OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FWD | OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD |
                   OFPUTIL_PC_NO_PACKET_IN)) {
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;

        if (changed & OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD && port->bundle) {
            bundle_update(port->bundle);
        }
    }
}

static int
set_sflow(struct ofproto *ofproto_,
          const struct ofproto_sflow_options *sflow_options)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct dpif_sflow *ds = ofproto->sflow;

    if (sflow_options) {
        if (!ds) {
            struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

            ds = ofproto->sflow = dpif_sflow_create();
            HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, up.hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
                dpif_sflow_add_port(ds, &ofport->up, ofport->odp_port);
            }
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        }
        dpif_sflow_set_options(ds, sflow_options);
    } else {
        if (ds) {
            dpif_sflow_destroy(ds);
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
            ofproto->sflow = NULL;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
set_ipfix(
    struct ofproto *ofproto_,
    const struct ofproto_ipfix_bridge_exporter_options *bridge_exporter_options,
    const struct ofproto_ipfix_flow_exporter_options *flow_exporters_options,
    size_t n_flow_exporters_options)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct dpif_ipfix *di = ofproto->ipfix;

    if (bridge_exporter_options || flow_exporters_options) {
        if (!di) {
            di = ofproto->ipfix = dpif_ipfix_create();
        }
        dpif_ipfix_set_options(
            di, bridge_exporter_options, flow_exporters_options,
            n_flow_exporters_options);
    } else {
        if (di) {
            dpif_ipfix_destroy(di);
            ofproto->ipfix = NULL;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
set_cfm(struct ofport *ofport_, const struct cfm_settings *s)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    int error;

    if (!s) {
        error = 0;
    } else {
        if (!ofport->cfm) {
            struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

            ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
            ofport->cfm = cfm_create(ofport->up.netdev);
        }

        if (cfm_configure(ofport->cfm, s)) {
            return 0;
        }

        error = EINVAL;
    }
    cfm_destroy(ofport->cfm);
    ofport->cfm = NULL;
    return error;
}

static bool
get_cfm_status(const struct ofport *ofport_,
               struct ofproto_cfm_status *status)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);

    if (ofport->cfm) {
        status->faults = cfm_get_fault(ofport->cfm);
        status->remote_opstate = cfm_get_opup(ofport->cfm);
        status->health = cfm_get_health(ofport->cfm);
        cfm_get_remote_mpids(ofport->cfm, &status->rmps, &status->n_rmps);
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}

static int
set_bfd(struct ofport *ofport_, const struct smap *cfg)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport_->ofproto);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    struct bfd *old;

    old = ofport->bfd;
    ofport->bfd = bfd_configure(old, netdev_get_name(ofport->up.netdev), cfg);
    if (ofport->bfd != old) {
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
get_bfd_status(struct ofport *ofport_, struct smap *smap)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);

    if (ofport->bfd) {
        bfd_get_status(ofport->bfd, smap);
        return 0;
    } else {
        return ENOENT;
    }
}
\f
/* Spanning Tree. */

static void
send_bpdu_cb(struct ofpbuf *pkt, int port_num, void *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_;
    struct stp_port *sp = stp_get_port(ofproto->stp, port_num);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

    ofport = stp_port_get_aux(sp);
    if (!ofport) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "%s: cannot send BPDU on unknown port %d",
                     ofproto->up.name, port_num);
    } else {
        struct eth_header *eth = pkt->l2;

        netdev_get_etheraddr(ofport->up.netdev, eth->eth_src);
        if (eth_addr_is_zero(eth->eth_src)) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "%s: cannot send BPDU on port %d "
                         "with unknown MAC", ofproto->up.name, port_num);
        } else {
            send_packet(ofport, pkt);
        }
    }
    ofpbuf_delete(pkt);
}

/* Configures STP on 'ofproto_' using the settings defined in 's'. */
static int
set_stp(struct ofproto *ofproto_, const struct ofproto_stp_settings *s)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);

    /* Only revalidate flows if the configuration changed. */
    if (!s != !ofproto->stp) {
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    }

    if (s) {
        if (!ofproto->stp) {
            ofproto->stp = stp_create(ofproto_->name, s->system_id,
                                      send_bpdu_cb, ofproto);
            ofproto->stp_last_tick = time_msec();
        }

        stp_set_bridge_id(ofproto->stp, s->system_id);
        stp_set_bridge_priority(ofproto->stp, s->priority);
        stp_set_hello_time(ofproto->stp, s->hello_time);
        stp_set_max_age(ofproto->stp, s->max_age);
        stp_set_forward_delay(ofproto->stp, s->fwd_delay);
    }  else {
        struct ofport *ofport;

        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, hmap_node, &ofproto->up.ports) {
            set_stp_port(ofport, NULL);
        }

        stp_destroy(ofproto->stp);
        ofproto->stp = NULL;
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
get_stp_status(struct ofproto *ofproto_, struct ofproto_stp_status *s)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);

    if (ofproto->stp) {
        s->enabled = true;
        s->bridge_id = stp_get_bridge_id(ofproto->stp);
        s->designated_root = stp_get_designated_root(ofproto->stp);
        s->root_path_cost = stp_get_root_path_cost(ofproto->stp);
    } else {
        s->enabled = false;
    }

    return 0;
}

static void
update_stp_port_state(struct ofport_dpif *ofport)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);
    enum stp_state state;

    /* Figure out new state. */
    state = ofport->stp_port ? stp_port_get_state(ofport->stp_port)
                             : STP_DISABLED;

    /* Update state. */
    if (ofport->stp_state != state) {
        enum ofputil_port_state of_state;
        bool fwd_change;

        VLOG_DBG_RL(&rl, "port %s: STP state changed from %s to %s",
                    netdev_get_name(ofport->up.netdev),
                    stp_state_name(ofport->stp_state),
                    stp_state_name(state));
        if (stp_learn_in_state(ofport->stp_state)
                != stp_learn_in_state(state)) {
            /* xxx Learning action flows should also be flushed. */
            mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml,
                               &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);
        }
        fwd_change = stp_forward_in_state(ofport->stp_state)
                        != stp_forward_in_state(state);

        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_STP;
        ofport->stp_state = state;
        ofport->stp_state_entered = time_msec();

        if (fwd_change && ofport->bundle) {
            bundle_update(ofport->bundle);
        }

        /* Update the STP state bits in the OpenFlow port description. */
        of_state = ofport->up.pp.state & ~OFPUTIL_PS_STP_MASK;
        of_state |= (state == STP_LISTENING ? OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LISTEN
                     : state == STP_LEARNING ? OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LEARN
                     : state == STP_FORWARDING ? OFPUTIL_PS_STP_FORWARD
                     : state == STP_BLOCKING ?  OFPUTIL_PS_STP_BLOCK
                     : 0);
        ofproto_port_set_state(&ofport->up, of_state);
    }
}

/* Configures STP on 'ofport_' using the settings defined in 's'.  The
 * caller is responsible for assigning STP port numbers and ensuring
 * there are no duplicates. */
static int
set_stp_port(struct ofport *ofport_,
             const struct ofproto_port_stp_settings *s)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);
    struct stp_port *sp = ofport->stp_port;

    if (!s || !s->enable) {
        if (sp) {
            ofport->stp_port = NULL;
            stp_port_disable(sp);
            update_stp_port_state(ofport);
        }
        return 0;
    } else if (sp && stp_port_no(sp) != s->port_num
            && ofport == stp_port_get_aux(sp)) {
        /* The port-id changed, so disable the old one if it's not
         * already in use by another port. */
        stp_port_disable(sp);
    }

    sp = ofport->stp_port = stp_get_port(ofproto->stp, s->port_num);
    stp_port_enable(sp);

    stp_port_set_aux(sp, ofport);
    stp_port_set_priority(sp, s->priority);
    stp_port_set_path_cost(sp, s->path_cost);

    update_stp_port_state(ofport);

    return 0;
}

static int
get_stp_port_status(struct ofport *ofport_,
                    struct ofproto_port_stp_status *s)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);
    struct stp_port *sp = ofport->stp_port;

    if (!ofproto->stp || !sp) {
        s->enabled = false;
        return 0;
    }

    s->enabled = true;
    s->port_id = stp_port_get_id(sp);
    s->state = stp_port_get_state(sp);
    s->sec_in_state = (time_msec() - ofport->stp_state_entered) / 1000;
    s->role = stp_port_get_role(sp);
    stp_port_get_counts(sp, &s->tx_count, &s->rx_count, &s->error_count);

    return 0;
}

static void
stp_run(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    if (ofproto->stp) {
        long long int now = time_msec();
        long long int elapsed = now - ofproto->stp_last_tick;
        struct stp_port *sp;

        if (elapsed > 0) {
            stp_tick(ofproto->stp, MIN(INT_MAX, elapsed));
            ofproto->stp_last_tick = now;
        }
        while (stp_get_changed_port(ofproto->stp, &sp)) {
            struct ofport_dpif *ofport = stp_port_get_aux(sp);

            if (ofport) {
                update_stp_port_state(ofport);
            }
        }

        if (stp_check_and_reset_fdb_flush(ofproto->stp)) {
            mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml, &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);
        }
    }
}

static void
stp_wait(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    if (ofproto->stp) {
        poll_timer_wait(1000);
    }
}

/* Returns true if STP should process 'flow'. */
static bool
stp_should_process_flow(const struct flow *flow)
{
    return eth_addr_equals(flow->dl_dst, eth_addr_stp);
}

static void
stp_process_packet(const struct ofport_dpif *ofport,
                   const struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    struct ofpbuf payload = *packet;
    struct eth_header *eth = payload.data;
    struct stp_port *sp = ofport->stp_port;

    /* Sink packets on ports that have STP disabled when the bridge has
     * STP enabled. */
    if (!sp || stp_port_get_state(sp) == STP_DISABLED) {
        return;
    }

    /* Trim off padding on payload. */
    if (payload.size > ntohs(eth->eth_type) + ETH_HEADER_LEN) {
        payload.size = ntohs(eth->eth_type) + ETH_HEADER_LEN;
    }

    if (ofpbuf_try_pull(&payload, ETH_HEADER_LEN + LLC_HEADER_LEN)) {
        stp_received_bpdu(sp, payload.data, payload.size);
    }
}
\f
static struct priority_to_dscp *
get_priority(const struct ofport_dpif *ofport, uint32_t priority)
{
    struct priority_to_dscp *pdscp;
    uint32_t hash;

    hash = hash_int(priority, 0);
    HMAP_FOR_EACH_IN_BUCKET (pdscp, hmap_node, hash, &ofport->priorities) {
        if (pdscp->priority == priority) {
            return pdscp;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void
ofport_clear_priorities(struct ofport_dpif *ofport)
{
    struct priority_to_dscp *pdscp, *next;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_SAFE (pdscp, next, hmap_node, &ofport->priorities) {
        hmap_remove(&ofport->priorities, &pdscp->hmap_node);
        free(pdscp);
    }
}

static int
set_queues(struct ofport *ofport_,
           const struct ofproto_port_queue *qdscp_list,
           size_t n_qdscp)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);
    struct hmap new = HMAP_INITIALIZER(&new);
    size_t i;

    for (i = 0; i < n_qdscp; i++) {
        struct priority_to_dscp *pdscp;
        uint32_t priority;
        uint8_t dscp;

        dscp = (qdscp_list[i].dscp << 2) & IP_DSCP_MASK;
        if (dpif_queue_to_priority(ofproto->backer->dpif, qdscp_list[i].queue,
                                   &priority)) {
            continue;
        }

        pdscp = get_priority(ofport, priority);
        if (pdscp) {
            hmap_remove(&ofport->priorities, &pdscp->hmap_node);
        } else {
            pdscp = xmalloc(sizeof *pdscp);
            pdscp->priority = priority;
            pdscp->dscp = dscp;
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        }

        if (pdscp->dscp != dscp) {
            pdscp->dscp = dscp;
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        }

        hmap_insert(&new, &pdscp->hmap_node, hash_int(pdscp->priority, 0));
    }

    if (!hmap_is_empty(&ofport->priorities)) {
        ofport_clear_priorities(ofport);
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    }

    hmap_swap(&new, &ofport->priorities);
    hmap_destroy(&new);

    return 0;
}
\f
/* Bundles. */

/* Expires all MAC learning entries associated with 'bundle' and forces its
 * ofproto to revalidate every flow.
 *
 * Normally MAC learning entries are removed only from the ofproto associated
 * with 'bundle', but if 'all_ofprotos' is true, then the MAC learning entries
 * are removed from every ofproto.  When patch ports and SLB bonds are in use
 * and a VM migration happens and the gratuitous ARPs are somehow lost, this
 * avoids a MAC_ENTRY_IDLE_TIME delay before the migrated VM can communicate
 * with the host from which it migrated. */
static void
bundle_flush_macs(struct ofbundle *bundle, bool all_ofprotos)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = bundle->ofproto;
    struct mac_learning *ml = ofproto->ml;
    struct mac_entry *mac, *next_mac;

    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (mac, next_mac, lru_node, &ml->lrus) {
        if (mac->port.p == bundle) {
            if (all_ofprotos) {
                struct ofproto_dpif *o;

                HMAP_FOR_EACH (o, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
                    if (o != ofproto) {
                        struct mac_entry *e;

                        e = mac_learning_lookup(o->ml, mac->mac, mac->vlan,
                                                NULL);
                        if (e) {
                            mac_learning_expire(o->ml, e);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }

            mac_learning_expire(ml, mac);
        }
    }
}

static struct ofbundle *
bundle_lookup(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, void *aux)
{
    struct ofbundle *bundle;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_IN_BUCKET (bundle, hmap_node, hash_pointer(aux, 0),
                             &ofproto->bundles) {
        if (bundle->aux == aux) {
            return bundle;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Looks up each of the 'n_auxes' pointers in 'auxes' as bundles and adds the
 * ones that are found to 'bundles'. */
static void
bundle_lookup_multiple(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                       void **auxes, size_t n_auxes,
                       struct hmapx *bundles)
{
    size_t i;

    hmapx_init(bundles);
    for (i = 0; i < n_auxes; i++) {
        struct ofbundle *bundle = bundle_lookup(ofproto, auxes[i]);
        if (bundle) {
            hmapx_add(bundles, bundle);
        }
    }
}

static void
bundle_update(struct ofbundle *bundle)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port;

    bundle->floodable = true;
    LIST_FOR_EACH (port, bundle_node, &bundle->ports) {
        if (port->up.pp.config & OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD
            || !stp_forward_in_state(port->stp_state)) {
            bundle->floodable = false;
            break;
        }
    }
}

static void
bundle_del_port(struct ofport_dpif *port)
{
    struct ofbundle *bundle = port->bundle;

    bundle->ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;

    list_remove(&port->bundle_node);
    port->bundle = NULL;

    if (bundle->lacp) {
        lacp_slave_unregister(bundle->lacp, port);
    }
    if (bundle->bond) {
        bond_slave_unregister(bundle->bond, port);
    }

    bundle_update(bundle);
}

static bool
bundle_add_port(struct ofbundle *bundle, uint16_t ofp_port,
                struct lacp_slave_settings *lacp)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port;

    port = get_ofp_port(bundle->ofproto, ofp_port);
    if (!port) {
        return false;
    }

    if (port->bundle != bundle) {
        bundle->ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        if (port->bundle) {
            bundle_del_port(port);
        }

        port->bundle = bundle;
        list_push_back(&bundle->ports, &port->bundle_node);
        if (port->up.pp.config & OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD
            || !stp_forward_in_state(port->stp_state)) {
            bundle->floodable = false;
        }
    }
    if (lacp) {
        bundle->ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        lacp_slave_register(bundle->lacp, port, lacp);
    }

    return true;
}

static void
bundle_destroy(struct ofbundle *bundle)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    struct ofport_dpif *port, *next_port;
    int i;

    if (!bundle) {
        return;
    }

    ofproto = bundle->ofproto;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        struct ofmirror *m = ofproto->mirrors[i];
        if (m) {
            if (m->out == bundle) {
                mirror_destroy(m);
            } else if (hmapx_find_and_delete(&m->srcs, bundle)
                       || hmapx_find_and_delete(&m->dsts, bundle)) {
                ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
            }
        }
    }

    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (port, next_port, bundle_node, &bundle->ports) {
        bundle_del_port(port);
    }

    bundle_flush_macs(bundle, true);
    hmap_remove(&ofproto->bundles, &bundle->hmap_node);
    free(bundle->name);
    free(bundle->trunks);
    lacp_destroy(bundle->lacp);
    bond_destroy(bundle->bond);
    free(bundle);
}

static int
bundle_set(struct ofproto *ofproto_, void *aux,
           const struct ofproto_bundle_settings *s)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    bool need_flush = false;
    struct ofport_dpif *port;
    struct ofbundle *bundle;
    unsigned long *trunks;
    int vlan;
    size_t i;
    bool ok;

    if (!s) {
        bundle_destroy(bundle_lookup(ofproto, aux));
        return 0;
    }

    ovs_assert(s->n_slaves == 1 || s->bond != NULL);
    ovs_assert((s->lacp != NULL) == (s->lacp_slaves != NULL));

    bundle = bundle_lookup(ofproto, aux);
    if (!bundle) {
        bundle = xmalloc(sizeof *bundle);

        bundle->ofproto = ofproto;
        hmap_insert(&ofproto->bundles, &bundle->hmap_node,
                    hash_pointer(aux, 0));
        bundle->aux = aux;
        bundle->name = NULL;

        list_init(&bundle->ports);
        bundle->vlan_mode = PORT_VLAN_TRUNK;
        bundle->vlan = -1;
        bundle->trunks = NULL;
        bundle->use_priority_tags = s->use_priority_tags;
        bundle->lacp = NULL;
        bundle->bond = NULL;

        bundle->floodable = true;

        bundle->src_mirrors = 0;
        bundle->dst_mirrors = 0;
        bundle->mirror_out = 0;
    }

    if (!bundle->name || strcmp(s->name, bundle->name)) {
        free(bundle->name);
        bundle->name = xstrdup(s->name);
    }

    /* LACP. */
    if (s->lacp) {
        if (!bundle->lacp) {
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
            bundle->lacp = lacp_create();
        }
        lacp_configure(bundle->lacp, s->lacp);
    } else {
        lacp_destroy(bundle->lacp);
        bundle->lacp = NULL;
    }

    /* Update set of ports. */
    ok = true;
    for (i = 0; i < s->n_slaves; i++) {
        if (!bundle_add_port(bundle, s->slaves[i],
                             s->lacp ? &s->lacp_slaves[i] : NULL)) {
            ok = false;
        }
    }
    if (!ok || list_size(&bundle->ports) != s->n_slaves) {
        struct ofport_dpif *next_port;

        LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (port, next_port, bundle_node, &bundle->ports) {
            for (i = 0; i < s->n_slaves; i++) {
                if (s->slaves[i] == port->up.ofp_port) {
                    goto found;
                }
            }

            bundle_del_port(port);
        found: ;
        }
    }
    ovs_assert(list_size(&bundle->ports) <= s->n_slaves);

    if (list_is_empty(&bundle->ports)) {
        bundle_destroy(bundle);
        return EINVAL;
    }

    /* Set VLAN tagging mode */
    if (s->vlan_mode != bundle->vlan_mode
        || s->use_priority_tags != bundle->use_priority_tags) {
        bundle->vlan_mode = s->vlan_mode;
        bundle->use_priority_tags = s->use_priority_tags;
        need_flush = true;
    }

    /* Set VLAN tag. */
    vlan = (s->vlan_mode == PORT_VLAN_TRUNK ? -1
            : s->vlan >= 0 && s->vlan <= 4095 ? s->vlan
            : 0);
    if (vlan != bundle->vlan) {
        bundle->vlan = vlan;
        need_flush = true;
    }

    /* Get trunked VLANs. */
    switch (s->vlan_mode) {
    case PORT_VLAN_ACCESS:
        trunks = NULL;
        break;

    case PORT_VLAN_TRUNK:
        trunks = CONST_CAST(unsigned long *, s->trunks);
        break;

    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_UNTAGGED:
    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_TAGGED:
        if (vlan != 0 && (!s->trunks
                          || !bitmap_is_set(s->trunks, vlan)
                          || bitmap_is_set(s->trunks, 0))) {
            /* Force trunking the native VLAN and prohibit trunking VLAN 0. */
            if (s->trunks) {
                trunks = bitmap_clone(s->trunks, 4096);
            } else {
                trunks = bitmap_allocate1(4096);
            }
            bitmap_set1(trunks, vlan);
            bitmap_set0(trunks, 0);
        } else {
            trunks = CONST_CAST(unsigned long *, s->trunks);
        }
        break;

    default:
        NOT_REACHED();
    }
    if (!vlan_bitmap_equal(trunks, bundle->trunks)) {
        free(bundle->trunks);
        if (trunks == s->trunks) {
            bundle->trunks = vlan_bitmap_clone(trunks);
        } else {
            bundle->trunks = trunks;
            trunks = NULL;
        }
        need_flush = true;
    }
    if (trunks != s->trunks) {
        free(trunks);
    }

    /* Bonding. */
    if (!list_is_short(&bundle->ports)) {
        bundle->ofproto->has_bonded_bundles = true;
        if (bundle->bond) {
            if (bond_reconfigure(bundle->bond, s->bond)) {
                ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
            }
        } else {
            bundle->bond = bond_create(s->bond);
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        }

        LIST_FOR_EACH (port, bundle_node, &bundle->ports) {
            bond_slave_register(bundle->bond, port, port->up.netdev);
        }
    } else {
        bond_destroy(bundle->bond);
        bundle->bond = NULL;
    }

    /* If we changed something that would affect MAC learning, un-learn
     * everything on this port and force flow revalidation. */
    if (need_flush) {
        bundle_flush_macs(bundle, false);
    }

    return 0;
}

static void
bundle_remove(struct ofport *port_)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = ofport_dpif_cast(port_);
    struct ofbundle *bundle = port->bundle;

    if (bundle) {
        bundle_del_port(port);
        if (list_is_empty(&bundle->ports)) {
            bundle_destroy(bundle);
        } else if (list_is_short(&bundle->ports)) {
            bond_destroy(bundle->bond);
            bundle->bond = NULL;
        }
    }
}

static void
send_pdu_cb(void *port_, const void *pdu, size_t pdu_size)
{
    static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 10);
    struct ofport_dpif *port = port_;
    uint8_t ea[ETH_ADDR_LEN];
    int error;

    error = netdev_get_etheraddr(port->up.netdev, ea);
    if (!error) {
        struct ofpbuf packet;
        void *packet_pdu;

        ofpbuf_init(&packet, 0);
        packet_pdu = eth_compose(&packet, eth_addr_lacp, ea, ETH_TYPE_LACP,
                                 pdu_size);
        memcpy(packet_pdu, pdu, pdu_size);

        send_packet(port, &packet);
        ofpbuf_uninit(&packet);
    } else {
        VLOG_ERR_RL(&rl, "port %s: cannot obtain Ethernet address of iface "
                    "%s (%s)", port->bundle->name,
                    netdev_get_name(port->up.netdev), strerror(error));
    }
}

static void
bundle_send_learning_packets(struct ofbundle *bundle)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = bundle->ofproto;
    int error, n_packets, n_errors;
    struct mac_entry *e;

    error = n_packets = n_errors = 0;
    LIST_FOR_EACH (e, lru_node, &ofproto->ml->lrus) {
        if (e->port.p != bundle) {
            struct ofpbuf *learning_packet;
            struct ofport_dpif *port;
            void *port_void;
            int ret;

            /* The assignment to "port" is unnecessary but makes "grep"ing for
             * struct ofport_dpif more effective. */
            learning_packet = bond_compose_learning_packet(bundle->bond,
                                                           e->mac, e->vlan,
                                                           &port_void);
            port = port_void;
            ret = send_packet(port, learning_packet);
            ofpbuf_delete(learning_packet);
            if (ret) {
                error = ret;
                n_errors++;
            }
            n_packets++;
        }
    }

    if (n_errors) {
        static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bond %s: %d errors sending %d gratuitous learning "
                     "packets, last error was: %s",
                     bundle->name, n_errors, n_packets, strerror(error));
    } else {
        VLOG_DBG("bond %s: sent %d gratuitous learning packets",
                 bundle->name, n_packets);
    }
}

static void
bundle_run(struct ofbundle *bundle)
{
    if (bundle->lacp) {
        lacp_run(bundle->lacp, send_pdu_cb);
    }
    if (bundle->bond) {
        struct ofport_dpif *port;

        LIST_FOR_EACH (port, bundle_node, &bundle->ports) {
            bond_slave_set_may_enable(bundle->bond, port, port->may_enable);
        }

        bond_run(bundle->bond, &bundle->ofproto->backer->revalidate_set,
                 lacp_status(bundle->lacp));
        if (bond_should_send_learning_packets(bundle->bond)) {
            bundle_send_learning_packets(bundle);
        }
    }
}

static void
bundle_wait(struct ofbundle *bundle)
{
    if (bundle->lacp) {
        lacp_wait(bundle->lacp);
    }
    if (bundle->bond) {
        bond_wait(bundle->bond);
    }
}
\f
/* Mirrors. */

static int
mirror_scan(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    int idx;

    for (idx = 0; idx < MAX_MIRRORS; idx++) {
        if (!ofproto->mirrors[idx]) {
            return idx;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

static struct ofmirror *
mirror_lookup(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, void *aux)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        struct ofmirror *mirror = ofproto->mirrors[i];
        if (mirror && mirror->aux == aux) {
            return mirror;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Update the 'dup_mirrors' member of each of the ofmirrors in 'ofproto'. */
static void
mirror_update_dups(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        struct ofmirror *m = ofproto->mirrors[i];

        if (m) {
            m->dup_mirrors = MIRROR_MASK_C(1) << i;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        struct ofmirror *m1 = ofproto->mirrors[i];
        int j;

        if (!m1) {
            continue;
        }

        for (j = i + 1; j < MAX_MIRRORS; j++) {
            struct ofmirror *m2 = ofproto->mirrors[j];

            if (m2 && m1->out == m2->out && m1->out_vlan == m2->out_vlan) {
                m1->dup_mirrors |= MIRROR_MASK_C(1) << j;
                m2->dup_mirrors |= m1->dup_mirrors;
            }
        }
    }
}

static int
mirror_set(struct ofproto *ofproto_, void *aux,
           const struct ofproto_mirror_settings *s)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    mirror_mask_t mirror_bit;
    struct ofbundle *bundle;
    struct ofmirror *mirror;
    struct ofbundle *out;
    struct hmapx srcs;          /* Contains "struct ofbundle *"s. */
    struct hmapx dsts;          /* Contains "struct ofbundle *"s. */
    int out_vlan;

    mirror = mirror_lookup(ofproto, aux);
    if (!s) {
        mirror_destroy(mirror);
        return 0;
    }
    if (!mirror) {
        int idx;

        idx = mirror_scan(ofproto);
        if (idx < 0) {
            VLOG_WARN("bridge %s: maximum of %d port mirrors reached, "
                      "cannot create %s",
                      ofproto->up.name, MAX_MIRRORS, s->name);
            return EFBIG;
        }

        mirror = ofproto->mirrors[idx] = xzalloc(sizeof *mirror);
        mirror->ofproto = ofproto;
        mirror->idx = idx;
        mirror->aux = aux;
        mirror->out_vlan = -1;
        mirror->name = NULL;
    }

    if (!mirror->name || strcmp(s->name, mirror->name)) {
        free(mirror->name);
        mirror->name = xstrdup(s->name);
    }

    /* Get the new configuration. */
    if (s->out_bundle) {
        out = bundle_lookup(ofproto, s->out_bundle);
        if (!out) {
            mirror_destroy(mirror);
            return EINVAL;
        }
        out_vlan = -1;
    } else {
        out = NULL;
        out_vlan = s->out_vlan;
    }
    bundle_lookup_multiple(ofproto, s->srcs, s->n_srcs, &srcs);
    bundle_lookup_multiple(ofproto, s->dsts, s->n_dsts, &dsts);

    /* If the configuration has not changed, do nothing. */
    if (hmapx_equals(&srcs, &mirror->srcs)
        && hmapx_equals(&dsts, &mirror->dsts)
        && vlan_bitmap_equal(mirror->vlans, s->src_vlans)
        && mirror->out == out
        && mirror->out_vlan == out_vlan)
    {
        hmapx_destroy(&srcs);
        hmapx_destroy(&dsts);
        return 0;
    }

    hmapx_swap(&srcs, &mirror->srcs);
    hmapx_destroy(&srcs);

    hmapx_swap(&dsts, &mirror->dsts);
    hmapx_destroy(&dsts);

    free(mirror->vlans);
    mirror->vlans = vlan_bitmap_clone(s->src_vlans);

    mirror->out = out;
    mirror->out_vlan = out_vlan;

    /* Update bundles. */
    mirror_bit = MIRROR_MASK_C(1) << mirror->idx;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &mirror->ofproto->bundles) {
        if (hmapx_contains(&mirror->srcs, bundle)) {
            bundle->src_mirrors |= mirror_bit;
        } else {
            bundle->src_mirrors &= ~mirror_bit;
        }

        if (hmapx_contains(&mirror->dsts, bundle)) {
            bundle->dst_mirrors |= mirror_bit;
        } else {
            bundle->dst_mirrors &= ~mirror_bit;
        }

        if (mirror->out == bundle) {
            bundle->mirror_out |= mirror_bit;
        } else {
            bundle->mirror_out &= ~mirror_bit;
        }
    }

    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    ofproto->has_mirrors = true;
    mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml,
                       &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);
    mirror_update_dups(ofproto);

    return 0;
}

static void
mirror_destroy(struct ofmirror *mirror)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    mirror_mask_t mirror_bit;
    struct ofbundle *bundle;
    int i;

    if (!mirror) {
        return;
    }

    ofproto = mirror->ofproto;
    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml, &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);

    mirror_bit = MIRROR_MASK_C(1) << mirror->idx;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &ofproto->bundles) {
        bundle->src_mirrors &= ~mirror_bit;
        bundle->dst_mirrors &= ~mirror_bit;
        bundle->mirror_out &= ~mirror_bit;
    }

    hmapx_destroy(&mirror->srcs);
    hmapx_destroy(&mirror->dsts);
    free(mirror->vlans);

    ofproto->mirrors[mirror->idx] = NULL;
    free(mirror->name);
    free(mirror);

    mirror_update_dups(ofproto);

    ofproto->has_mirrors = false;
    for (i = 0; i < MAX_MIRRORS; i++) {
        if (ofproto->mirrors[i]) {
            ofproto->has_mirrors = true;
            break;
        }
    }
}

static int
mirror_get_stats(struct ofproto *ofproto_, void *aux,
                 uint64_t *packets, uint64_t *bytes)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct ofmirror *mirror = mirror_lookup(ofproto, aux);

    if (!mirror) {
        *packets = *bytes = UINT64_MAX;
        return 0;
    }

    push_all_stats();

    *packets = mirror->packet_count;
    *bytes = mirror->byte_count;

    return 0;
}

static int
set_flood_vlans(struct ofproto *ofproto_, unsigned long *flood_vlans)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    if (mac_learning_set_flood_vlans(ofproto->ml, flood_vlans)) {
        mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml, &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);
    }
    return 0;
}

static bool
is_mirror_output_bundle(const struct ofproto *ofproto_, void *aux)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct ofbundle *bundle = bundle_lookup(ofproto, aux);
    return bundle && bundle->mirror_out != 0;
}

static void
forward_bpdu_changed(struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
}

static void
set_mac_table_config(struct ofproto *ofproto_, unsigned int idle_time,
                     size_t max_entries)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    mac_learning_set_idle_time(ofproto->ml, idle_time);
    mac_learning_set_max_entries(ofproto->ml, max_entries);
}
\f
/* Ports. */

static struct ofport_dpif *
get_ofp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint16_t ofp_port)
{
    struct ofport *ofport = ofproto_get_port(&ofproto->up, ofp_port);
    return ofport ? ofport_dpif_cast(ofport) : NULL;
}

static struct ofport_dpif *
get_odp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint32_t odp_port)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port = odp_port_to_ofport(ofproto->backer, odp_port);
    return port && &ofproto->up == port->up.ofproto ? port : NULL;
}

static void
ofproto_port_from_dpif_port(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                            struct ofproto_port *ofproto_port,
                            struct dpif_port *dpif_port)
{
    ofproto_port->name = dpif_port->name;
    ofproto_port->type = dpif_port->type;
    ofproto_port->ofp_port = odp_port_to_ofp_port(ofproto, dpif_port->port_no);
}

static struct ofport_dpif *
ofport_get_peer(const struct ofport_dpif *ofport_dpif)
{
    const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    const char *peer;

    peer = netdev_vport_patch_peer(ofport_dpif->up.netdev);
    if (!peer) {
        return NULL;
    }

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        struct ofport *ofport;

        ofport = shash_find_data(&ofproto->up.port_by_name, peer);
        if (ofport && ofport->ofproto->ofproto_class == &ofproto_dpif_class) {
            return ofport_dpif_cast(ofport);
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void
port_run_fast(struct ofport_dpif *ofport)
{
    if (ofport->cfm && cfm_should_send_ccm(ofport->cfm)) {
        struct ofpbuf packet;

        ofpbuf_init(&packet, 0);
        cfm_compose_ccm(ofport->cfm, &packet, ofport->up.pp.hw_addr);
        send_packet(ofport, &packet);
        ofpbuf_uninit(&packet);
    }

    if (ofport->bfd && bfd_should_send_packet(ofport->bfd)) {
        struct ofpbuf packet;

        ofpbuf_init(&packet, 0);
        bfd_put_packet(ofport->bfd, &packet, ofport->up.pp.hw_addr);
        send_packet(ofport, &packet);
        ofpbuf_uninit(&packet);
    }
}

static void
port_run(struct ofport_dpif *ofport)
{
    long long int carrier_seq = netdev_get_carrier_resets(ofport->up.netdev);
    bool carrier_changed = carrier_seq != ofport->carrier_seq;
    bool enable = netdev_get_carrier(ofport->up.netdev);

    ofport->carrier_seq = carrier_seq;

    port_run_fast(ofport);

    if (ofport->tnl_port
        && tnl_port_reconfigure(&ofport->up, ofport->odp_port,
                                &ofport->tnl_port)) {
        ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto)->backer->need_revalidate = true;
    }

    if (ofport->cfm) {
        int cfm_opup = cfm_get_opup(ofport->cfm);

        cfm_run(ofport->cfm);
        enable = enable && !cfm_get_fault(ofport->cfm);

        if (cfm_opup >= 0) {
            enable = enable && cfm_opup;
        }
    }

    if (ofport->bfd) {
        bfd_run(ofport->bfd);
        enable = enable && bfd_forwarding(ofport->bfd);
    }

    if (ofport->bundle) {
        enable = enable && lacp_slave_may_enable(ofport->bundle->lacp, ofport);
        if (carrier_changed) {
            lacp_slave_carrier_changed(ofport->bundle->lacp, ofport);
        }
    }

    if (ofport->may_enable != enable) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);

        if (ofproto->has_bundle_action) {
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_PORT_TOGGLED;
        }
    }

    ofport->may_enable = enable;
}

static void
port_wait(struct ofport_dpif *ofport)
{
    if (ofport->cfm) {
        cfm_wait(ofport->cfm);
    }

    if (ofport->bfd) {
        bfd_wait(ofport->bfd);
    }
}

static int
port_query_by_name(const struct ofproto *ofproto_, const char *devname,
                   struct ofproto_port *ofproto_port)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct dpif_port dpif_port;
    int error;

    if (sset_contains(&ofproto->ghost_ports, devname)) {
        const char *type = netdev_get_type_from_name(devname);

        /* We may be called before ofproto->up.port_by_name is populated with
         * the appropriate ofport.  For this reason, we must get the name and
         * type from the netdev layer directly. */
        if (type) {
            const struct ofport *ofport;

            ofport = shash_find_data(&ofproto->up.port_by_name, devname);
            ofproto_port->ofp_port = ofport ? ofport->ofp_port : OFPP_NONE;
            ofproto_port->name = xstrdup(devname);
            ofproto_port->type = xstrdup(type);
            return 0;
        }
        return ENODEV;
    }

    if (!sset_contains(&ofproto->ports, devname)) {
        return ENODEV;
    }
    error = dpif_port_query_by_name(ofproto->backer->dpif,
                                    devname, &dpif_port);
    if (!error) {
        ofproto_port_from_dpif_port(ofproto, ofproto_port, &dpif_port);
    }
    return error;
}

static int
port_add(struct ofproto *ofproto_, struct netdev *netdev)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    const char *devname = netdev_get_name(netdev);
    char namebuf[NETDEV_VPORT_NAME_BUFSIZE];
    const char *dp_port_name;

    if (netdev_vport_is_patch(netdev)) {
        sset_add(&ofproto->ghost_ports, netdev_get_name(netdev));
        return 0;
    }

    dp_port_name = netdev_vport_get_dpif_port(netdev, namebuf, sizeof namebuf);
    if (!dpif_port_exists(ofproto->backer->dpif, dp_port_name)) {
        uint32_t port_no = UINT32_MAX;
        int error;

        error = dpif_port_add(ofproto->backer->dpif, netdev, &port_no);
        if (error) {
            return error;
        }
        if (netdev_get_tunnel_config(netdev)) {
            simap_put(&ofproto->backer->tnl_backers, dp_port_name, port_no);
        }
    }

    if (netdev_get_tunnel_config(netdev)) {
        sset_add(&ofproto->ghost_ports, devname);
    } else {
        sset_add(&ofproto->ports, devname);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
port_del(struct ofproto *ofproto_, uint16_t ofp_port)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = get_ofp_port(ofproto, ofp_port);
    int error = 0;

    if (!ofport) {
        return 0;
    }

    sset_find_and_delete(&ofproto->ghost_ports,
                         netdev_get_name(ofport->up.netdev));
    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
    if (!ofport->tnl_port) {
        error = dpif_port_del(ofproto->backer->dpif, ofport->odp_port);
        if (!error) {
            /* The caller is going to close ofport->up.netdev.  If this is a
             * bonded port, then the bond is using that netdev, so remove it
             * from the bond.  The client will need to reconfigure everything
             * after deleting ports, so then the slave will get re-added. */
            bundle_remove(&ofport->up);
        }
    }
    return error;
}

static int
port_get_stats(const struct ofport *ofport_, struct netdev_stats *stats)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    int error;

    push_all_stats();

    error = netdev_get_stats(ofport->up.netdev, stats);

    if (!error && ofport_->ofp_port == OFPP_LOCAL) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);

        /* ofproto->stats.tx_packets represents packets that we created
         * internally and sent to some port (e.g. packets sent with
         * send_packet()).  Account for them as if they had come from
         * OFPP_LOCAL and got forwarded. */

        if (stats->rx_packets != UINT64_MAX) {
            stats->rx_packets += ofproto->stats.tx_packets;
        }

        if (stats->rx_bytes != UINT64_MAX) {
            stats->rx_bytes += ofproto->stats.tx_bytes;
        }

        /* ofproto->stats.rx_packets represents packets that were received on
         * some port and we processed internally and dropped (e.g. STP).
         * Account for them as if they had been forwarded to OFPP_LOCAL. */

        if (stats->tx_packets != UINT64_MAX) {
            stats->tx_packets += ofproto->stats.rx_packets;
        }

        if (stats->tx_bytes != UINT64_MAX) {
            stats->tx_bytes += ofproto->stats.rx_bytes;
        }
    }

    return error;
}

struct port_dump_state {
    uint32_t bucket;
    uint32_t offset;
    bool ghost;

    struct ofproto_port port;
    bool has_port;
};

static int
port_dump_start(const struct ofproto *ofproto_ OVS_UNUSED, void **statep)
{
    *statep = xzalloc(sizeof(struct port_dump_state));
    return 0;
}

static int
port_dump_next(const struct ofproto *ofproto_, void *state_,
               struct ofproto_port *port)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct port_dump_state *state = state_;
    const struct sset *sset;
    struct sset_node *node;

    if (state->has_port) {
        ofproto_port_destroy(&state->port);
        state->has_port = false;
    }
    sset = state->ghost ? &ofproto->ghost_ports : &ofproto->ports;
    while ((node = sset_at_position(sset, &state->bucket, &state->offset))) {
        int error;

        error = port_query_by_name(ofproto_, node->name, &state->port);
        if (!error) {
            *port = state->port;
            state->has_port = true;
            return 0;
        } else if (error != ENODEV) {
            return error;
        }
    }

    if (!state->ghost) {
        state->ghost = true;
        state->bucket = 0;
        state->offset = 0;
        return port_dump_next(ofproto_, state_, port);
    }

    return EOF;
}

static int
port_dump_done(const struct ofproto *ofproto_ OVS_UNUSED, void *state_)
{
    struct port_dump_state *state = state_;

    if (state->has_port) {
        ofproto_port_destroy(&state->port);
    }
    free(state);
    return 0;
}

static int
port_poll(const struct ofproto *ofproto_, char **devnamep)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);

    if (ofproto->port_poll_errno) {
        int error = ofproto->port_poll_errno;
        ofproto->port_poll_errno = 0;
        return error;
    }

    if (sset_is_empty(&ofproto->port_poll_set)) {
        return EAGAIN;
    }

    *devnamep = sset_pop(&ofproto->port_poll_set);
    return 0;
}

static void
port_poll_wait(const struct ofproto *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    dpif_port_poll_wait(ofproto->backer->dpif);
}

static int
port_is_lacp_current(const struct ofport *ofport_)
{
    const struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);
    return (ofport->bundle && ofport->bundle->lacp
            ? lacp_slave_is_current(ofport->bundle->lacp, ofport)
            : -1);
}
\f
/* Upcall handling. */

/* Flow miss batching.
 *
 * Some dpifs implement operations faster when you hand them off in a batch.
 * To allow batching, "struct flow_miss" queues the dpif-related work needed
 * for a given flow.  Each "struct flow_miss" corresponds to sending one or
 * more packets, plus possibly installing the flow in the dpif.
 *
 * So far we only batch the operations that affect flow setup time the most.
 * It's possible to batch more than that, but the benefit might be minimal. */
struct flow_miss {
    struct hmap_node hmap_node;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    struct flow flow;
    enum odp_key_fitness key_fitness;
    const struct nlattr *key;
    size_t key_len;
    struct initial_vals initial_vals;
    struct list packets;
    enum dpif_upcall_type upcall_type;
};

struct flow_miss_op {
    struct dpif_op dpif_op;

    uint64_t slow_stub[128 / 8]; /* Buffer for compose_slow_path() */
    struct xlate_out xout;
    bool xout_garbage;           /* 'xout' needs to be uninitialized? */
};

/* Sends an OFPT_PACKET_IN message for 'packet' of type OFPR_NO_MATCH to each
 * OpenFlow controller as necessary according to their individual
 * configurations. */
static void
send_packet_in_miss(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct ofpbuf *packet,
                    const struct flow *flow)
{
    struct ofputil_packet_in pin;

    pin.packet = packet->data;
    pin.packet_len = packet->size;
    pin.reason = OFPR_NO_MATCH;
    pin.controller_id = 0;

    pin.table_id = 0;
    pin.cookie = 0;

    pin.send_len = 0;           /* not used for flow table misses */

    flow_get_metadata(flow, &pin.fmd);

    connmgr_send_packet_in(ofproto->up.connmgr, &pin);
}

static enum slow_path_reason
process_special(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow,
                const struct ofport_dpif *ofport, const struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    if (!ofport) {
        return 0;
    } else if (ofport->cfm && cfm_should_process_flow(ofport->cfm, flow)) {
        if (packet) {
            cfm_process_heartbeat(ofport->cfm, packet);
        }
        return SLOW_CFM;
    } else if (ofport->bfd && bfd_should_process_flow(flow)) {
        if (packet) {
            bfd_process_packet(ofport->bfd, flow, packet);
        }
        return SLOW_BFD;
    } else if (ofport->bundle && ofport->bundle->lacp
               && flow->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_LACP)) {
        if (packet) {
            lacp_process_packet(ofport->bundle->lacp, ofport, packet);
        }
        return SLOW_LACP;
    } else if (ofproto->stp && stp_should_process_flow(flow)) {
        if (packet) {
            stp_process_packet(ofport, packet);
        }
        return SLOW_STP;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

static struct flow_miss *
flow_miss_find(struct hmap *todo, const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
               const struct flow *flow, uint32_t hash)
{
    struct flow_miss *miss;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (miss, hmap_node, hash, todo) {
        if (miss->ofproto == ofproto && flow_equal(&miss->flow, flow)) {
            return miss;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Partially Initializes 'op' as an "execute" operation for 'miss' and
 * 'packet'.  The caller must initialize op->actions and op->actions_len.  If
 * 'miss' is associated with a subfacet the caller must also initialize the
 * returned op->subfacet, and if anything needs to be freed after processing
 * the op, the caller must initialize op->garbage also. */
static void
init_flow_miss_execute_op(struct flow_miss *miss, struct ofpbuf *packet,
                          struct flow_miss_op *op)
{
    if (miss->flow.vlan_tci != miss->initial_vals.vlan_tci) {
        /* This packet was received on a VLAN splinter port.  We
         * added a VLAN to the packet to make the packet resemble
         * the flow, but the actions were composed assuming that
         * the packet contained no VLAN.  So, we must remove the
         * VLAN header from the packet before trying to execute the
         * actions. */
        eth_pop_vlan(packet);
    }

    op->xout_garbage = false;
    op->dpif_op.type = DPIF_OP_EXECUTE;
    op->dpif_op.u.execute.key = miss->key;
    op->dpif_op.u.execute.key_len = miss->key_len;
    op->dpif_op.u.execute.packet = packet;
}

/* Helper for handle_flow_miss_without_facet() and
 * handle_flow_miss_with_facet(). */
static void
handle_flow_miss_common(struct rule_dpif *rule,
                        struct ofpbuf *packet, const struct flow *flow)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(rule->up.ofproto);

    if (rule->up.cr.priority == FAIL_OPEN_PRIORITY) {
        /*
         * Extra-special case for fail-open mode.
         *
         * We are in fail-open mode and the packet matched the fail-open
         * rule, but we are connected to a controller too.  We should send
         * the packet up to the controller in the hope that it will try to
         * set up a flow and thereby allow us to exit fail-open.
         *
         * See the top-level comment in fail-open.c for more information.
         */
        send_packet_in_miss(ofproto, packet, flow);
    }
}

/* Figures out whether a flow that missed in 'ofproto', whose details are in
 * 'miss', is likely to be worth tracking in detail in userspace and (usually)
 * installing a datapath flow.  The answer is usually "yes" (a return value of
 * true).  However, for short flows the cost of bookkeeping is much higher than
 * the benefits, so when the datapath holds a large number of flows we impose
 * some heuristics to decide which flows are likely to be worth tracking. */
static bool
flow_miss_should_make_facet(struct flow_miss *miss, uint32_t hash)
{
    struct dpif_backer *backer = miss->ofproto->backer;

    if (!backer->governor) {
        size_t n_subfacets;

        n_subfacets = hmap_count(&backer->subfacets);
        if (n_subfacets * 2 <= flow_eviction_threshold) {
            return true;
        }

        backer->governor = governor_create();
    }

    return governor_should_install_flow(backer->governor, hash,
                                        list_size(&miss->packets));
}

/* Handles 'miss', which matches 'rule', without creating a facet or subfacet
 * or creating any datapath flow.  May add an "execute" operation to 'ops' and
 * increment '*n_ops'. */
static void
handle_flow_miss_without_facet(struct flow_miss *miss,
                               struct flow_miss_op *ops, size_t *n_ops)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = rule_dpif_lookup(miss->ofproto, &miss->flow);
    long long int now = time_msec();
    struct ofpbuf *packet;
    struct xlate_in xin;

    LIST_FOR_EACH (packet, list_node, &miss->packets) {
        struct flow_miss_op *op = &ops[*n_ops];
        struct dpif_flow_stats stats;

        COVERAGE_INC(facet_suppress);

        handle_flow_miss_common(rule, packet, &miss->flow);

        dpif_flow_stats_extract(&miss->flow, packet, now, &stats);
        rule_credit_stats(rule, &stats);

        xlate_in_init(&xin, miss->ofproto, &miss->flow, &miss->initial_vals,
                      rule, stats.tcp_flags, packet);
        xin.resubmit_stats = &stats;
        xlate_actions(&xin, &op->xout);

        if (op->xout.odp_actions.size) {
            struct dpif_execute *execute = &op->dpif_op.u.execute;

            init_flow_miss_execute_op(miss, packet, op);
            execute->actions = op->xout.odp_actions.data;
            execute->actions_len = op->xout.odp_actions.size;
            op->xout_garbage = true;

            (*n_ops)++;
        } else {
            xlate_out_uninit(&op->xout);
        }
    }
}

/* Handles 'miss', which matches 'facet'.  May add any required datapath
 * operations to 'ops', incrementing '*n_ops' for each new op.
 *
 * All of the packets in 'miss' are considered to have arrived at time 'now'.
 * This is really important only for new facets: if we just called time_msec()
 * here, then the new subfacet or its packets could look (occasionally) as
 * though it was used some time after the facet was used.  That can make a
 * one-packet flow look like it has a nonzero duration, which looks odd in
 * e.g. NetFlow statistics. */
static void
handle_flow_miss_with_facet(struct flow_miss *miss, struct facet *facet,
                            long long int now,
                            struct flow_miss_op *ops, size_t *n_ops)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    enum subfacet_path want_path;
    struct subfacet *subfacet;
    struct ofpbuf *packet;

    subfacet = subfacet_create(facet, miss, now);
    want_path = subfacet->facet->xout.slow ? SF_SLOW_PATH : SF_FAST_PATH;

    LIST_FOR_EACH (packet, list_node, &miss->packets) {
        struct flow_miss_op *op = &ops[*n_ops];
        struct dpif_flow_stats stats;

        handle_flow_miss_common(facet->rule, packet, &miss->flow);

        if (want_path != SF_FAST_PATH) {
            struct xlate_in xin;

            xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, &facet->flow, &facet->initial_vals,
                          facet->rule, 0, packet);
            xlate_actions_for_side_effects(&xin);
        }

        dpif_flow_stats_extract(&facet->flow, packet, now, &stats);
        subfacet_update_stats(subfacet, &stats);

        if (facet->xout.odp_actions.size) {
            struct dpif_execute *execute = &op->dpif_op.u.execute;

            init_flow_miss_execute_op(miss, packet, op);
            execute->actions = facet->xout.odp_actions.data,
            execute->actions_len = facet->xout.odp_actions.size;
            (*n_ops)++;
        }
    }

    if (miss->upcall_type == DPIF_UC_MISS || subfacet->path != want_path) {
        struct flow_miss_op *op = &ops[(*n_ops)++];
        struct dpif_flow_put *put = &op->dpif_op.u.flow_put;

        subfacet->path = want_path;

        op->xout_garbage = false;
        op->dpif_op.type = DPIF_OP_FLOW_PUT;
        put->flags = DPIF_FP_CREATE | DPIF_FP_MODIFY;
        put->key = miss->key;
        put->key_len = miss->key_len;
        if (want_path == SF_FAST_PATH) {
            put->actions = facet->xout.odp_actions.data;
            put->actions_len = facet->xout.odp_actions.size;
        } else {
            compose_slow_path(ofproto, &facet->flow, facet->xout.slow,
                              op->slow_stub, sizeof op->slow_stub,
                              &put->actions, &put->actions_len);
        }
        put->stats = NULL;
    }
}

/* Handles flow miss 'miss'.  May add any required datapath operations
 * to 'ops', incrementing '*n_ops' for each new op. */
static void
handle_flow_miss(struct flow_miss *miss, struct flow_miss_op *ops,
                 size_t *n_ops)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = miss->ofproto;
    struct facet *facet;
    long long int now;
    uint32_t hash;

    /* The caller must ensure that miss->hmap_node.hash contains
     * flow_hash(miss->flow, 0). */
    hash = miss->hmap_node.hash;

    facet = facet_lookup_valid(ofproto, &miss->flow, hash);
    if (!facet) {
        /* There does not exist a bijection between 'struct flow' and datapath
         * flow keys with fitness ODP_FIT_TO_LITTLE.  This breaks a fundamental
         * assumption used throughout the facet and subfacet handling code.
         * Since we have to handle these misses in userspace anyway, we simply
         * skip facet creation, avoiding the problem altogether. */
        if (miss->key_fitness == ODP_FIT_TOO_LITTLE
            || !flow_miss_should_make_facet(miss, hash)) {
            handle_flow_miss_without_facet(miss, ops, n_ops);
            return;
        }

        facet = facet_create(miss, hash);
        now = facet->used;
    } else {
        now = time_msec();
    }
    handle_flow_miss_with_facet(miss, facet, now, ops, n_ops);
}

static struct drop_key *
drop_key_lookup(const struct dpif_backer *backer, const struct nlattr *key,
                size_t key_len)
{
    struct drop_key *drop_key;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (drop_key, hmap_node, hash_bytes(key, key_len, 0),
                             &backer->drop_keys) {
        if (drop_key->key_len == key_len
            && !memcmp(drop_key->key, key, key_len)) {
            return drop_key;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void
drop_key_clear(struct dpif_backer *backer)
{
    static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 15);
    struct drop_key *drop_key, *next;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_SAFE (drop_key, next, hmap_node, &backer->drop_keys) {
        int error;

        error = dpif_flow_del(backer->dpif, drop_key->key, drop_key->key_len,
                              NULL);
        if (error && !VLOG_DROP_WARN(&rl)) {
            struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
            odp_flow_key_format(drop_key->key, drop_key->key_len, &ds);
            VLOG_WARN("Failed to delete drop key (%s) (%s)", strerror(error),
                      ds_cstr(&ds));
            ds_destroy(&ds);
        }

        hmap_remove(&backer->drop_keys, &drop_key->hmap_node);
        free(drop_key->key);
        free(drop_key);
    }
}

/* Given a datpath, packet, and flow metadata ('backer', 'packet', and 'key'
 * respectively), populates 'flow' with the result of odp_flow_key_to_flow().
 * Optionally, if nonnull, populates 'fitnessp' with the fitness of 'flow' as
 * returned by odp_flow_key_to_flow().  Also, optionally populates 'ofproto'
 * with the ofproto_dpif, and 'odp_in_port' with the datapath in_port, that
 * 'packet' ingressed.
 *
 * If 'ofproto' is nonnull, requires 'flow''s in_port to exist.  Otherwise sets
 * 'flow''s in_port to OFPP_NONE.
 *
 * This function does post-processing on data returned from
 * odp_flow_key_to_flow() to help make VLAN splinters transparent to the rest
 * of the upcall processing logic.  In particular, if the extracted in_port is
 * a VLAN splinter port, it replaces flow->in_port by the "real" port, sets
 * flow->vlan_tci correctly for the VLAN of the VLAN splinter port, and pushes
 * a VLAN header onto 'packet' (if it is nonnull).
 *
 * Optionally, if 'initial_vals' is nonnull, sets 'initial_vals->vlan_tci'
 * to the VLAN TCI with which the packet was really received, that is, the
 * actual VLAN TCI extracted by odp_flow_key_to_flow().  (This differs from
 * the value returned in flow->vlan_tci only for packets received on
 * VLAN splinters.)
 *
 * Similarly, this function also includes some logic to help with tunnels.  It
 * may modify 'flow' as necessary to make the tunneling implementation
 * transparent to the upcall processing logic.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, ENODEV if the parsed flow has no associated ofport,
 * or some other positive errno if there are other problems. */
static int
ofproto_receive(const struct dpif_backer *backer, struct ofpbuf *packet,
                const struct nlattr *key, size_t key_len,
                struct flow *flow, enum odp_key_fitness *fitnessp,
                struct ofproto_dpif **ofproto, uint32_t *odp_in_port,
                struct initial_vals *initial_vals)
{
    const struct ofport_dpif *port;
    enum odp_key_fitness fitness;
    int error = ENODEV;

    fitness = odp_flow_key_to_flow(key, key_len, flow);
    if (fitness == ODP_FIT_ERROR) {
        error = EINVAL;
        goto exit;
    }

    if (initial_vals) {
        initial_vals->vlan_tci = flow->vlan_tci;
    }

    if (odp_in_port) {
        *odp_in_port = flow->in_port;
    }

    port = (tnl_port_should_receive(flow)
            ? ofport_dpif_cast(tnl_port_receive(flow))
            : odp_port_to_ofport(backer, flow->in_port));
    flow->in_port = port ? port->up.ofp_port : OFPP_NONE;
    if (!port) {
        goto exit;
    }

    /* XXX: Since the tunnel module is not scoped per backer, for a tunnel port
     * it's theoretically possible that we'll receive an ofport belonging to an
     * entirely different datapath.  In practice, this can't happen because no
     * platforms has two separate datapaths which each support tunneling. */
    ovs_assert(ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto)->backer == backer);

    if (vsp_adjust_flow(ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto), flow)) {
        if (packet) {
            /* Make the packet resemble the flow, so that it gets sent to
             * an OpenFlow controller properly, so that it looks correct
             * for sFlow, and so that flow_extract() will get the correct
             * vlan_tci if it is called on 'packet'.
             *
             * The allocated space inside 'packet' probably also contains
             * 'key', that is, both 'packet' and 'key' are probably part of
             * a struct dpif_upcall (see the large comment on that
             * structure definition), so pushing data on 'packet' is in
             * general not a good idea since it could overwrite 'key' or
             * free it as a side effect.  However, it's OK in this special
             * case because we know that 'packet' is inside a Netlink
             * attribute: pushing 4 bytes will just overwrite the 4-byte
             * "struct nlattr", which is fine since we don't need that
             * header anymore. */
            eth_push_vlan(packet, flow->vlan_tci);
        }
        /* We can't reproduce 'key' from 'flow'. */
        fitness = fitness == ODP_FIT_PERFECT ? ODP_FIT_TOO_MUCH : fitness;
    }
    error = 0;

    if (ofproto) {
        *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto);
    }

exit:
    if (fitnessp) {
        *fitnessp = fitness;
    }
    return error;
}

static void
handle_miss_upcalls(struct dpif_backer *backer, struct dpif_upcall *upcalls,
                    size_t n_upcalls)
{
    struct dpif_upcall *upcall;
    struct flow_miss *miss;
    struct flow_miss misses[FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH];
    struct flow_miss_op flow_miss_ops[FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH * 2];
    struct dpif_op *dpif_ops[FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH * 2];
    struct hmap todo;
    int n_misses;
    size_t n_ops;
    size_t i;

    if (!n_upcalls) {
        return;
    }

    /* Construct the to-do list.
     *
     * This just amounts to extracting the flow from each packet and sticking
     * the packets that have the same flow in the same "flow_miss" structure so
     * that we can process them together. */
    hmap_init(&todo);
    n_misses = 0;
    for (upcall = upcalls; upcall < &upcalls[n_upcalls]; upcall++) {
        struct flow_miss *miss = &misses[n_misses];
        struct flow_miss *existing_miss;
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
        uint32_t odp_in_port;
        struct flow flow;
        uint32_t hash;
        int error;

        error = ofproto_receive(backer, upcall->packet, upcall->key,
                                upcall->key_len, &flow, &miss->key_fitness,
                                &ofproto, &odp_in_port, &miss->initial_vals);
        if (error == ENODEV) {
            struct drop_key *drop_key;

            /* Received packet on datapath port for which we couldn't
             * associate an ofproto.  This can happen if a port is removed
             * while traffic is being received.  Print a rate-limited message
             * in case it happens frequently.  Install a drop flow so
             * that future packets of the flow are inexpensively dropped
             * in the kernel. */
            VLOG_INFO_RL(&rl, "received packet on unassociated datapath port "
                              "%"PRIu32, odp_in_port);

            drop_key = drop_key_lookup(backer, upcall->key, upcall->key_len);
            if (!drop_key) {
                drop_key = xmalloc(sizeof *drop_key);
                drop_key->key = xmemdup(upcall->key, upcall->key_len);
                drop_key->key_len = upcall->key_len;

                hmap_insert(&backer->drop_keys, &drop_key->hmap_node,
                            hash_bytes(drop_key->key, drop_key->key_len, 0));
                dpif_flow_put(backer->dpif, DPIF_FP_CREATE | DPIF_FP_MODIFY,
                              drop_key->key, drop_key->key_len, NULL, 0, NULL);
            }
            continue;
        }
        if (error) {
            continue;
        }

        ofproto->n_missed++;
        flow_extract(upcall->packet, flow.skb_priority, flow.skb_mark,
                     &flow.tunnel, flow.in_port, &miss->flow);

        /* Add other packets to a to-do list. */
        hash = flow_hash(&miss->flow, 0);
        existing_miss = flow_miss_find(&todo, ofproto, &miss->flow, hash);
        if (!existing_miss) {
            hmap_insert(&todo, &miss->hmap_node, hash);
            miss->ofproto = ofproto;
            miss->key = upcall->key;
            miss->key_len = upcall->key_len;
            miss->upcall_type = upcall->type;
            list_init(&miss->packets);

            n_misses++;
        } else {
            miss = existing_miss;
        }
        list_push_back(&miss->packets, &upcall->packet->list_node);
    }

    /* Process each element in the to-do list, constructing the set of
     * operations to batch. */
    n_ops = 0;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (miss, hmap_node, &todo) {
        handle_flow_miss(miss, flow_miss_ops, &n_ops);
    }
    ovs_assert(n_ops <= ARRAY_SIZE(flow_miss_ops));

    /* Execute batch. */
    for (i = 0; i < n_ops; i++) {
        dpif_ops[i] = &flow_miss_ops[i].dpif_op;
    }
    dpif_operate(backer->dpif, dpif_ops, n_ops);

    /* Free memory. */
    for (i = 0; i < n_ops; i++) {
        if (flow_miss_ops[i].xout_garbage) {
            xlate_out_uninit(&flow_miss_ops[i].xout);
        }
    }
    hmap_destroy(&todo);
}

static enum { SFLOW_UPCALL, MISS_UPCALL, BAD_UPCALL, FLOW_SAMPLE_UPCALL,
              IPFIX_UPCALL }
classify_upcall(const struct dpif_upcall *upcall)
{
    size_t userdata_len;
    union user_action_cookie cookie;

    /* First look at the upcall type. */
    switch (upcall->type) {
    case DPIF_UC_ACTION:
        break;

    case DPIF_UC_MISS:
        return MISS_UPCALL;

    case DPIF_N_UC_TYPES:
    default:
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "upcall has unexpected type %"PRIu32, upcall->type);
        return BAD_UPCALL;
    }

    /* "action" upcalls need a closer look. */
    if (!upcall->userdata) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "action upcall missing cookie");
        return BAD_UPCALL;
    }
    userdata_len = nl_attr_get_size(upcall->userdata);
    if (userdata_len < sizeof cookie.type
        || userdata_len > sizeof cookie) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "action upcall cookie has unexpected size %zu",
                     userdata_len);
        return BAD_UPCALL;
    }
    memset(&cookie, 0, sizeof cookie);
    memcpy(&cookie, nl_attr_get(upcall->userdata), userdata_len);
    if (userdata_len == sizeof cookie.sflow
        && cookie.type == USER_ACTION_COOKIE_SFLOW) {
        return SFLOW_UPCALL;
    } else if (userdata_len == sizeof cookie.slow_path
               && cookie.type == USER_ACTION_COOKIE_SLOW_PATH) {
        return MISS_UPCALL;
    } else if (userdata_len == sizeof cookie.flow_sample
               && cookie.type == USER_ACTION_COOKIE_FLOW_SAMPLE) {
        return FLOW_SAMPLE_UPCALL;
    } else if (userdata_len == sizeof cookie.ipfix
               && cookie.type == USER_ACTION_COOKIE_IPFIX) {
        return IPFIX_UPCALL;
    } else {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "invalid user cookie of type %"PRIu16
                     " and size %zu", cookie.type, userdata_len);
        return BAD_UPCALL;
    }
}

static void
handle_sflow_upcall(struct dpif_backer *backer,
                    const struct dpif_upcall *upcall)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    union user_action_cookie cookie;
    struct flow flow;
    uint32_t odp_in_port;

    if (ofproto_receive(backer, upcall->packet, upcall->key, upcall->key_len,
                        &flow, NULL, &ofproto, &odp_in_port, NULL)
        || !ofproto->sflow) {
        return;
    }

    memset(&cookie, 0, sizeof cookie);
    memcpy(&cookie, nl_attr_get(upcall->userdata), sizeof cookie.sflow);
    dpif_sflow_received(ofproto->sflow, upcall->packet, &flow,
                        odp_in_port, &cookie);
}

static void
handle_flow_sample_upcall(struct dpif_backer *backer,
                          const struct dpif_upcall *upcall)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    union user_action_cookie cookie;
    struct flow flow;

    if (ofproto_receive(backer, upcall->packet, upcall->key, upcall->key_len,
                        &flow, NULL, &ofproto, NULL, NULL)
        || !ofproto->ipfix) {
        return;
    }

    memset(&cookie, 0, sizeof cookie);
    memcpy(&cookie, nl_attr_get(upcall->userdata), sizeof cookie.flow_sample);

    /* The flow reflects exactly the contents of the packet.  Sample
     * the packet using it. */
    dpif_ipfix_flow_sample(ofproto->ipfix, upcall->packet, &flow,
                           cookie.flow_sample.collector_set_id,
                           cookie.flow_sample.probability,
                           cookie.flow_sample.obs_domain_id,
                           cookie.flow_sample.obs_point_id);
}

static void
handle_ipfix_upcall(struct dpif_backer *backer,
                    const struct dpif_upcall *upcall)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    struct flow flow;

    if (ofproto_receive(backer, upcall->packet, upcall->key, upcall->key_len,
                        &flow, NULL, &ofproto, NULL, NULL)
        || !ofproto->ipfix) {
        return;
    }

    /* The flow reflects exactly the contents of the packet.  Sample
     * the packet using it. */
    dpif_ipfix_bridge_sample(ofproto->ipfix, upcall->packet, &flow);
}

static int
handle_upcalls(struct dpif_backer *backer, unsigned int max_batch)
{
    struct dpif_upcall misses[FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH];
    struct ofpbuf miss_bufs[FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH];
    uint64_t miss_buf_stubs[FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH][4096 / 8];
    int n_processed;
    int n_misses;
    int i;

    ovs_assert(max_batch <= FLOW_MISS_MAX_BATCH);

    n_misses = 0;
    for (n_processed = 0; n_processed < max_batch; n_processed++) {
        struct dpif_upcall *upcall = &misses[n_misses];
        struct ofpbuf *buf = &miss_bufs[n_misses];
        int error;

        ofpbuf_use_stub(buf, miss_buf_stubs[n_misses],
                        sizeof miss_buf_stubs[n_misses]);
        error = dpif_recv(backer->dpif, upcall, buf);
        if (error) {
            ofpbuf_uninit(buf);
            break;
        }

        switch (classify_upcall(upcall)) {
        case MISS_UPCALL:
            /* Handle it later. */
            n_misses++;
            break;

        case SFLOW_UPCALL:
            handle_sflow_upcall(backer, upcall);
            ofpbuf_uninit(buf);
            break;

        case FLOW_SAMPLE_UPCALL:
            handle_flow_sample_upcall(backer, upcall);
            ofpbuf_uninit(buf);
            break;

        case IPFIX_UPCALL:
            handle_ipfix_upcall(backer, upcall);
            ofpbuf_uninit(buf);
            break;

        case BAD_UPCALL:
            ofpbuf_uninit(buf);
            break;
        }
    }

    /* Handle deferred MISS_UPCALL processing. */
    handle_miss_upcalls(backer, misses, n_misses);
    for (i = 0; i < n_misses; i++) {
        ofpbuf_uninit(&miss_bufs[i]);
    }

    return n_processed;
}
\f
/* Flow expiration. */

static int subfacet_max_idle(const struct dpif_backer *);
static void update_stats(struct dpif_backer *);
static void rule_expire(struct rule_dpif *);
static void expire_subfacets(struct dpif_backer *, int dp_max_idle);

/* This function is called periodically by run().  Its job is to collect
 * updates for the flows that have been installed into the datapath, most
 * importantly when they last were used, and then use that information to
 * expire flows that have not been used recently.
 *
 * Returns the number of milliseconds after which it should be called again. */
static int
expire(struct dpif_backer *backer)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    size_t n_subfacets;
    int max_idle;

    /* Periodically clear out the drop keys in an effort to keep them
     * relatively few. */
    drop_key_clear(backer);

    /* Update stats for each flow in the backer. */
    update_stats(backer);

    n_subfacets = hmap_count(&backer->subfacets);
    if (n_subfacets) {
        struct subfacet *subfacet;
        long long int total, now;

        total = 0;
        now = time_msec();
        HMAP_FOR_EACH (subfacet, hmap_node, &backer->subfacets) {
            total += now - subfacet->created;
        }
        backer->avg_subfacet_life += total / n_subfacets;
    }
    backer->avg_subfacet_life /= 2;

    backer->avg_n_subfacet += n_subfacets;
    backer->avg_n_subfacet /= 2;

    backer->max_n_subfacet = MAX(backer->max_n_subfacet, n_subfacets);

    max_idle = subfacet_max_idle(backer);
    expire_subfacets(backer, max_idle);

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        struct rule *rule, *next_rule;

        if (ofproto->backer != backer) {
            continue;
        }

        /* Expire OpenFlow flows whose idle_timeout or hard_timeout
         * has passed. */
        LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (rule, next_rule, expirable,
                            &ofproto->up.expirable) {
            rule_expire(rule_dpif_cast(rule));
        }

        /* All outstanding data in existing flows has been accounted, so it's a
         * good time to do bond rebalancing. */
        if (ofproto->has_bonded_bundles) {
            struct ofbundle *bundle;

            HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &ofproto->bundles) {
                if (bundle->bond) {
                    bond_rebalance(bundle->bond, &backer->revalidate_set);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return MIN(max_idle, 1000);
}

/* Updates flow table statistics given that the datapath just reported 'stats'
 * as 'subfacet''s statistics. */
static void
update_subfacet_stats(struct subfacet *subfacet,
                      const struct dpif_flow_stats *stats)
{
    struct facet *facet = subfacet->facet;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    struct dpif_flow_stats diff;

    diff.tcp_flags = stats->tcp_flags;
    diff.used = stats->used;

    if (stats->n_packets >= subfacet->dp_packet_count) {
        diff.n_packets = stats->n_packets - subfacet->dp_packet_count;
    } else {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "unexpected packet count from the datapath");
        diff.n_packets = 0;
    }

    if (stats->n_bytes >= subfacet->dp_byte_count) {
        diff.n_bytes = stats->n_bytes - subfacet->dp_byte_count;
    } else {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "unexpected byte count from datapath");
        diff.n_bytes = 0;
    }

    ofproto->n_hit += diff.n_packets;
    subfacet->dp_packet_count = stats->n_packets;
    subfacet->dp_byte_count = stats->n_bytes;
    subfacet_update_stats(subfacet, &diff);

    if (facet->accounted_bytes < facet->byte_count) {
        facet_learn(facet);
        facet_account(facet);
        facet->accounted_bytes = facet->byte_count;
    }
}

/* 'key' with length 'key_len' bytes is a flow in 'dpif' that we know nothing
 * about, or a flow that shouldn't be installed but was anyway.  Delete it. */
static void
delete_unexpected_flow(struct dpif_backer *backer,
                       const struct nlattr *key, size_t key_len)
{
    if (!VLOG_DROP_WARN(&rl)) {
        struct ds s;

        ds_init(&s);
        odp_flow_key_format(key, key_len, &s);
        VLOG_WARN("unexpected flow: %s", ds_cstr(&s));
        ds_destroy(&s);
    }

    COVERAGE_INC(facet_unexpected);
    dpif_flow_del(backer->dpif, key, key_len, NULL);
}

/* Update 'packet_count', 'byte_count', and 'used' members of installed facets.
 *
 * This function also pushes statistics updates to rules which each facet
 * resubmits into.  Generally these statistics will be accurate.  However, if a
 * facet changes the rule it resubmits into at some time in between
 * update_stats() runs, it is possible that statistics accrued to the
 * old rule will be incorrectly attributed to the new rule.  This could be
 * avoided by calling update_stats() whenever rules are created or
 * deleted.  However, the performance impact of making so many calls to the
 * datapath do not justify the benefit of having perfectly accurate statistics.
 *
 * In addition, this function maintains per ofproto flow hit counts. The patch
 * port is not treated specially. e.g. A packet ingress from br0 patched into
 * br1 will increase the hit count of br0 by 1, however, does not affect
 * the hit or miss counts of br1.
 */
static void
update_stats(struct dpif_backer *backer)
{
    const struct dpif_flow_stats *stats;
    struct dpif_flow_dump dump;
    const struct nlattr *key;
    size_t key_len;

    dpif_flow_dump_start(&dump, backer->dpif);
    while (dpif_flow_dump_next(&dump, &key, &key_len, NULL, NULL, &stats)) {
        struct subfacet *subfacet;
        uint32_t key_hash;

        key_hash = odp_flow_key_hash(key, key_len);
        subfacet = subfacet_find(backer, key, key_len, key_hash);
        switch (subfacet ? subfacet->path : SF_NOT_INSTALLED) {
        case SF_FAST_PATH:
            update_subfacet_stats(subfacet, stats);
            break;

        case SF_SLOW_PATH:
            /* Stats are updated per-packet. */
            break;

        case SF_NOT_INSTALLED:
        default:
            delete_unexpected_flow(backer, key, key_len);
            break;
        }
        run_fast_rl();
    }
    dpif_flow_dump_done(&dump);

    update_moving_averages(backer);
}

/* Calculates and returns the number of milliseconds of idle time after which
 * subfacets should expire from the datapath.  When a subfacet expires, we fold
 * its statistics into its facet, and when a facet's last subfacet expires, we
 * fold its statistic into its rule. */
static int
subfacet_max_idle(const struct dpif_backer *backer)
{
    /*
     * Idle time histogram.
     *
     * Most of the time a switch has a relatively small number of subfacets.
     * When this is the case we might as well keep statistics for all of them
     * in userspace and to cache them in the kernel datapath for performance as
     * well.
     *
     * As the number of subfacets increases, the memory required to maintain
     * statistics about them in userspace and in the kernel becomes
     * significant.  However, with a large number of subfacets it is likely
     * that only a few of them are "heavy hitters" that consume a large amount
     * of bandwidth.  At this point, only heavy hitters are worth caching in
     * the kernel and maintaining in userspaces; other subfacets we can
     * discard.
     *
     * The technique used to compute the idle time is to build a histogram with
     * N_BUCKETS buckets whose width is BUCKET_WIDTH msecs each.  Each subfacet
     * that is installed in the kernel gets dropped in the appropriate bucket.
     * After the histogram has been built, we compute the cutoff so that only
     * the most-recently-used 1% of subfacets (but at least
     * flow_eviction_threshold flows) are kept cached.  At least
     * the most-recently-used bucket of subfacets is kept, so actually an
     * arbitrary number of subfacets can be kept in any given expiration run
     * (though the next run will delete most of those unless they receive
     * additional data).
     *
     * This requires a second pass through the subfacets, in addition to the
     * pass made by update_stats(), because the former function never looks at
     * uninstallable subfacets.
     */
    enum { BUCKET_WIDTH = ROUND_UP(100, TIME_UPDATE_INTERVAL) };
    enum { N_BUCKETS = 5000 / BUCKET_WIDTH };
    int buckets[N_BUCKETS] = { 0 };
    int total, subtotal, bucket;
    struct subfacet *subfacet;
    long long int now;
    int i;

    total = hmap_count(&backer->subfacets);
    if (total <= flow_eviction_threshold) {
        return N_BUCKETS * BUCKET_WIDTH;
    }

    /* Build histogram. */
    now = time_msec();
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (subfacet, hmap_node, &backer->subfacets) {
        long long int idle = now - subfacet->used;
        int bucket = (idle <= 0 ? 0
                      : idle >= BUCKET_WIDTH * N_BUCKETS ? N_BUCKETS - 1
                      : (unsigned int) idle / BUCKET_WIDTH);
        buckets[bucket]++;
    }

    /* Find the first bucket whose flows should be expired. */
    subtotal = bucket = 0;
    do {
        subtotal += buckets[bucket++];
    } while (bucket < N_BUCKETS &&
             subtotal < MAX(flow_eviction_threshold, total / 100));

    if (VLOG_IS_DBG_ENABLED()) {
        struct ds s;

        ds_init(&s);
        ds_put_cstr(&s, "keep");
        for (i = 0; i < N_BUCKETS; i++) {
            if (i == bucket) {
                ds_put_cstr(&s, ", drop");
            }
            if (buckets[i]) {
                ds_put_format(&s, " %d:%d", i * BUCKET_WIDTH, buckets[i]);
            }
        }
        VLOG_INFO("%s (msec:count)", ds_cstr(&s));
        ds_destroy(&s);
    }

    return bucket * BUCKET_WIDTH;
}

static void
expire_subfacets(struct dpif_backer *backer, int dp_max_idle)
{
    /* Cutoff time for most flows. */
    long long int normal_cutoff = time_msec() - dp_max_idle;

    /* We really want to keep flows for special protocols around, so use a more
     * conservative cutoff. */
    long long int special_cutoff = time_msec() - 10000;

    struct subfacet *subfacet, *next_subfacet;
    struct subfacet *batch[SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH];
    int n_batch;

    n_batch = 0;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH_SAFE (subfacet, next_subfacet, hmap_node,
                        &backer->subfacets) {
        long long int cutoff;

        cutoff = (subfacet->facet->xout.slow & (SLOW_CFM | SLOW_BFD | SLOW_LACP
                                                | SLOW_STP)
                  ? special_cutoff
                  : normal_cutoff);
        if (subfacet->used < cutoff) {
            if (subfacet->path != SF_NOT_INSTALLED) {
                batch[n_batch++] = subfacet;
                if (n_batch >= SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH) {
                    subfacet_destroy_batch(backer, batch, n_batch);
                    n_batch = 0;
                }
            } else {
                subfacet_destroy(subfacet);
            }
        }
    }

    if (n_batch > 0) {
        subfacet_destroy_batch(backer, batch, n_batch);
    }
}

/* If 'rule' is an OpenFlow rule, that has expired according to OpenFlow rules,
 * then delete it entirely. */
static void
rule_expire(struct rule_dpif *rule)
{
    struct facet *facet, *next_facet;
    long long int now;
    uint8_t reason;

    if (rule->up.pending) {
        /* We'll have to expire it later. */
        return;
    }

    /* Has 'rule' expired? */
    now = time_msec();
    if (rule->up.hard_timeout
        && now > rule->up.modified + rule->up.hard_timeout * 1000) {
        reason = OFPRR_HARD_TIMEOUT;
    } else if (rule->up.idle_timeout
               && now > rule->up.used + rule->up.idle_timeout * 1000) {
        reason = OFPRR_IDLE_TIMEOUT;
    } else {
        return;
    }

    COVERAGE_INC(ofproto_dpif_expired);

    /* Update stats.  (This is a no-op if the rule expired due to an idle
     * timeout, because that only happens when the rule has no facets left.) */
    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (facet, next_facet, list_node, &rule->facets) {
        facet_remove(facet);
    }

    /* Get rid of the rule. */
    ofproto_rule_expire(&rule->up, reason);
}
\f
/* Facets. */

/* Creates and returns a new facet based on 'miss'.
 *
 * The caller must already have determined that no facet with an identical
 * 'miss->flow' exists in 'miss->ofproto'.
 *
 * 'hash' must be the return value of flow_hash(miss->flow, 0).
 *
 * The facet will initially have no subfacets.  The caller should create (at
 * least) one subfacet with subfacet_create(). */
static struct facet *
facet_create(const struct flow_miss *miss, uint32_t hash)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = miss->ofproto;
    struct xlate_in xin;
    struct facet *facet;

    facet = xzalloc(sizeof *facet);
    facet->used = time_msec();
    facet->flow = miss->flow;
    facet->initial_vals = miss->initial_vals;
    facet->rule = rule_dpif_lookup(ofproto, &facet->flow);
    facet->learn_rl = time_msec() + 500;

    hmap_insert(&ofproto->facets, &facet->hmap_node, hash);
    list_push_back(&facet->rule->facets, &facet->list_node);
    list_init(&facet->subfacets);
    netflow_flow_init(&facet->nf_flow);
    netflow_flow_update_time(ofproto->netflow, &facet->nf_flow, facet->used);

    xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, &facet->flow, &facet->initial_vals,
                  facet->rule, 0, NULL);
    xin.may_learn = true;
    xlate_actions(&xin, &facet->xout);
    facet->nf_flow.output_iface = facet->xout.nf_output_iface;

    return facet;
}

static void
facet_free(struct facet *facet)
{
    if (facet) {
        xlate_out_uninit(&facet->xout);
        free(facet);
    }
}

/* Executes, within 'ofproto', the 'n_actions' actions in 'actions' on
 * 'packet', which arrived on 'in_port'. */
static bool
execute_odp_actions(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow,
                    const struct nlattr *odp_actions, size_t actions_len,
                    struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    struct odputil_keybuf keybuf;
    struct ofpbuf key;
    int error;

    ofpbuf_use_stack(&key, &keybuf, sizeof keybuf);
    odp_flow_key_from_flow(&key, flow,
                           ofp_port_to_odp_port(ofproto, flow->in_port));

    error = dpif_execute(ofproto->backer->dpif, key.data, key.size,
                         odp_actions, actions_len, packet);
    return !error;
}

/* Remove 'facet' from 'ofproto' and free up the associated memory:
 *
 *   - If 'facet' was installed in the datapath, uninstalls it and updates its
 *     rule's statistics, via subfacet_uninstall().
 *
 *   - Removes 'facet' from its rule and from ofproto->facets.
 */
static void
facet_remove(struct facet *facet)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    struct subfacet *subfacet, *next_subfacet;

    ovs_assert(!list_is_empty(&facet->subfacets));

    /* First uninstall all of the subfacets to get final statistics. */
    LIST_FOR_EACH (subfacet, list_node, &facet->subfacets) {
        subfacet_uninstall(subfacet);
    }

    /* Flush the final stats to the rule.
     *
     * This might require us to have at least one subfacet around so that we
     * can use its actions for accounting in facet_account(), which is why we
     * have uninstalled but not yet destroyed the subfacets. */
    facet_flush_stats(facet);

    /* Now we're really all done so destroy everything. */
    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (subfacet, next_subfacet, list_node,
                        &facet->subfacets) {
        subfacet_destroy__(subfacet);
    }
    hmap_remove(&ofproto->facets, &facet->hmap_node);
    list_remove(&facet->list_node);
    facet_free(facet);
}

/* Feed information from 'facet' back into the learning table to keep it in
 * sync with what is actually flowing through the datapath. */
static void
facet_learn(struct facet *facet)
{
    long long int now = time_msec();

    if (!facet->xout.has_fin_timeout && now < facet->learn_rl) {
        return;
    }

    facet->learn_rl = now + 500;

    if (!facet->xout.has_learn
        && !facet->xout.has_normal
        && (!facet->xout.has_fin_timeout
            || !(facet->tcp_flags & (TCP_FIN | TCP_RST)))) {
        return;
    }

    facet_push_stats(facet, true);
}

static void
facet_account(struct facet *facet)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    const struct nlattr *a;
    unsigned int left;
    ovs_be16 vlan_tci;
    uint64_t n_bytes;

    if (!facet->xout.has_normal || !ofproto->has_bonded_bundles) {
        return;
    }
    n_bytes = facet->byte_count - facet->accounted_bytes;

    /* This loop feeds byte counters to bond_account() for rebalancing to use
     * as a basis.  We also need to track the actual VLAN on which the packet
     * is going to be sent to ensure that it matches the one passed to
     * bond_choose_output_slave().  (Otherwise, we will account to the wrong
     * hash bucket.)
     *
     * We use the actions from an arbitrary subfacet because they should all
     * be equally valid for our purpose. */
    vlan_tci = facet->flow.vlan_tci;
    NL_ATTR_FOR_EACH_UNSAFE (a, left, facet->xout.odp_actions.data,
                             facet->xout.odp_actions.size) {
        const struct ovs_action_push_vlan *vlan;
        struct ofport_dpif *port;

        switch (nl_attr_type(a)) {
        case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_OUTPUT:
            port = get_odp_port(ofproto, nl_attr_get_u32(a));
            if (port && port->bundle && port->bundle->bond) {
                bond_account(port->bundle->bond, &facet->flow,
                             vlan_tci_to_vid(vlan_tci), n_bytes);
            }
            break;

        case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_POP_VLAN:
            vlan_tci = htons(0);
            break;

        case OVS_ACTION_ATTR_PUSH_VLAN:
            vlan = nl_attr_get(a);
            vlan_tci = vlan->vlan_tci;
            break;
        }
    }
}

/* Returns true if the only action for 'facet' is to send to the controller.
 * (We don't report NetFlow expiration messages for such facets because they
 * are just part of the control logic for the network, not real traffic). */
static bool
facet_is_controller_flow(struct facet *facet)
{
    if (facet) {
        const struct rule *rule = &facet->rule->up;
        const struct ofpact *ofpacts = rule->ofpacts;
        size_t ofpacts_len = rule->ofpacts_len;

        if (ofpacts_len > 0 &&
            ofpacts->type == OFPACT_CONTROLLER &&
            ofpact_next(ofpacts) >= ofpact_end(ofpacts, ofpacts_len)) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

/* Folds all of 'facet''s statistics into its rule.  Also updates the
 * accounting ofhook and emits a NetFlow expiration if appropriate.  All of
 * 'facet''s statistics in the datapath should have been zeroed and folded into
 * its packet and byte counts before this function is called. */
static void
facet_flush_stats(struct facet *facet)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    struct subfacet *subfacet;

    LIST_FOR_EACH (subfacet, list_node, &facet->subfacets) {
        ovs_assert(!subfacet->dp_byte_count);
        ovs_assert(!subfacet->dp_packet_count);
    }

    facet_push_stats(facet, false);
    if (facet->accounted_bytes < facet->byte_count) {
        facet_account(facet);
        facet->accounted_bytes = facet->byte_count;
    }

    if (ofproto->netflow && !facet_is_controller_flow(facet)) {
        struct ofexpired expired;
        expired.flow = facet->flow;
        expired.packet_count = facet->packet_count;
        expired.byte_count = facet->byte_count;
        expired.used = facet->used;
        netflow_expire(ofproto->netflow, &facet->nf_flow, &expired);
    }

    /* Reset counters to prevent double counting if 'facet' ever gets
     * reinstalled. */
    facet_reset_counters(facet);

    netflow_flow_clear(&facet->nf_flow);
    facet->tcp_flags = 0;
}

/* Searches 'ofproto''s table of facets for one exactly equal to 'flow'.
 * Returns it if found, otherwise a null pointer.
 *
 * 'hash' must be the return value of flow_hash(flow, 0).
 *
 * The returned facet might need revalidation; use facet_lookup_valid()
 * instead if that is important. */
static struct facet *
facet_find(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
           const struct flow *flow, uint32_t hash)
{
    struct facet *facet;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (facet, hmap_node, hash, &ofproto->facets) {
        if (flow_equal(flow, &facet->flow)) {
            return facet;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Searches 'ofproto''s table of facets for one exactly equal to 'flow'.
 * Returns it if found, otherwise a null pointer.
 *
 * 'hash' must be the return value of flow_hash(flow, 0).
 *
 * The returned facet is guaranteed to be valid. */
static struct facet *
facet_lookup_valid(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow,
                   uint32_t hash)
{
    struct facet *facet;

    facet = facet_find(ofproto, flow, hash);
    if (facet
        && (ofproto->backer->need_revalidate
            || tag_set_intersects(&ofproto->backer->revalidate_set,
                                  facet->xout.tags))
        && !facet_revalidate(facet)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    return facet;
}

static bool
facet_check_consistency(struct facet *facet)
{
    static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 15);

    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);

    struct xlate_out xout;
    struct xlate_in xin;

    struct rule_dpif *rule;
    bool ok;

    /* Check the rule for consistency. */
    rule = rule_dpif_lookup(ofproto, &facet->flow);
    if (rule != facet->rule) {
        if (!VLOG_DROP_WARN(&rl)) {
            struct ds s = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;

            flow_format(&s, &facet->flow);
            ds_put_format(&s, ": facet associated with wrong rule (was "
                          "table=%"PRIu8",", facet->rule->up.table_id);
            cls_rule_format(&facet->rule->up.cr, &s);
            ds_put_format(&s, ") (should have been table=%"PRIu8",",
                          rule->up.table_id);
            cls_rule_format(&rule->up.cr, &s);
            ds_put_char(&s, ')');

            VLOG_WARN("%s", ds_cstr(&s));
            ds_destroy(&s);
        }
        return false;
    }

    /* Check the datapath actions for consistency. */
    xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, &facet->flow, &facet->initial_vals, rule,
                  0, NULL);
    xlate_actions(&xin, &xout);

    ok = ofpbuf_equal(&facet->xout.odp_actions, &xout.odp_actions)
        && facet->xout.slow == xout.slow;
    if (!ok && !VLOG_DROP_WARN(&rl)) {
        struct ds s = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;

        flow_format(&s, &facet->flow);
        ds_put_cstr(&s, ": inconsistency in facet");

        if (!ofpbuf_equal(&facet->xout.odp_actions, &xout.odp_actions)) {
            ds_put_cstr(&s, " (actions were: ");
            format_odp_actions(&s, facet->xout.odp_actions.data,
                               facet->xout.odp_actions.size);
            ds_put_cstr(&s, ") (correct actions: ");
            format_odp_actions(&s, xout.odp_actions.data,
                               xout.odp_actions.size);
            ds_put_char(&s, ')');
        }

        if (facet->xout.slow != xout.slow) {
            ds_put_format(&s, " slow path incorrect. should be %d", xout.slow);
        }

        VLOG_WARN("%s", ds_cstr(&s));
        ds_destroy(&s);
    }
    xlate_out_uninit(&xout);

    return ok;
}

/* Re-searches the classifier for 'facet':
 *
 *   - If the rule found is different from 'facet''s current rule, moves
 *     'facet' to the new rule and recompiles its actions.
 *
 *   - If the rule found is the same as 'facet''s current rule, leaves 'facet'
 *     where it is and recompiles its actions anyway.
 *
 *   - If any of 'facet''s subfacets correspond to a new flow according to
 *     ofproto_receive(), 'facet' is removed.
 *
 *   Returns true if 'facet' is still valid.  False if 'facet' was removed. */
static bool
facet_revalidate(struct facet *facet)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    struct rule_dpif *new_rule;
    struct subfacet *subfacet;
    struct xlate_out xout;
    struct xlate_in xin;

    COVERAGE_INC(facet_revalidate);

    /* Check that child subfacets still correspond to this facet.  Tunnel
     * configuration changes could cause a subfacet's OpenFlow in_port to
     * change. */
    LIST_FOR_EACH (subfacet, list_node, &facet->subfacets) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *recv_ofproto;
        struct flow recv_flow;
        int error;

        error = ofproto_receive(ofproto->backer, NULL, subfacet->key,
                                subfacet->key_len, &recv_flow, NULL,
                                &recv_ofproto, NULL, NULL);
        if (error
            || recv_ofproto != ofproto
            || memcmp(&recv_flow, &facet->flow, sizeof recv_flow)) {
            facet_remove(facet);
            return false;
        }
    }

    new_rule = rule_dpif_lookup(ofproto, &facet->flow);

    /* Calculate new datapath actions.
     *
     * We do not modify any 'facet' state yet, because we might need to, e.g.,
     * emit a NetFlow expiration and, if so, we need to have the old state
     * around to properly compose it. */
    xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, &facet->flow, &facet->initial_vals, new_rule,
                  0, NULL);
    xlate_actions(&xin, &xout);

    /* A facet's slow path reason should only change under dramatic
     * circumstances.  Rather than try to update everything, it's simpler to
     * remove the facet and start over. */
    if (facet->xout.slow != xout.slow) {
        facet_remove(facet);
        xlate_out_uninit(&xout);
        return false;
    }

    if (!ofpbuf_equal(&facet->xout.odp_actions, &xout.odp_actions)) {
        LIST_FOR_EACH(subfacet, list_node, &facet->subfacets) {
            if (subfacet->path == SF_FAST_PATH) {
                struct dpif_flow_stats stats;

                subfacet_install(subfacet, &xout.odp_actions, &stats);
                subfacet_update_stats(subfacet, &stats);
            }
        }

        facet_flush_stats(facet);

        ofpbuf_clear(&facet->xout.odp_actions);
        ofpbuf_put(&facet->xout.odp_actions, xout.odp_actions.data,
                   xout.odp_actions.size);
    }

    /* Update 'facet' now that we've taken care of all the old state. */
    facet->xout.tags = xout.tags;
    facet->xout.slow = xout.slow;
    facet->xout.has_learn = xout.has_learn;
    facet->xout.has_normal = xout.has_normal;
    facet->xout.has_fin_timeout = xout.has_fin_timeout;
    facet->xout.nf_output_iface = xout.nf_output_iface;
    facet->xout.mirrors = xout.mirrors;
    facet->nf_flow.output_iface = facet->xout.nf_output_iface;

    if (facet->rule != new_rule) {
        COVERAGE_INC(facet_changed_rule);
        list_remove(&facet->list_node);
        list_push_back(&new_rule->facets, &facet->list_node);
        facet->rule = new_rule;
        facet->used = new_rule->up.created;
        facet->prev_used = facet->used;
    }

    xlate_out_uninit(&xout);
    return true;
}

static void
facet_reset_counters(struct facet *facet)
{
    facet->packet_count = 0;
    facet->byte_count = 0;
    facet->prev_packet_count = 0;
    facet->prev_byte_count = 0;
    facet->accounted_bytes = 0;
}

static void
facet_push_stats(struct facet *facet, bool may_learn)
{
    struct dpif_flow_stats stats;

    ovs_assert(facet->packet_count >= facet->prev_packet_count);
    ovs_assert(facet->byte_count >= facet->prev_byte_count);
    ovs_assert(facet->used >= facet->prev_used);

    stats.n_packets = facet->packet_count - facet->prev_packet_count;
    stats.n_bytes = facet->byte_count - facet->prev_byte_count;
    stats.used = facet->used;
    stats.tcp_flags = facet->tcp_flags;

    if (may_learn || stats.n_packets || facet->used > facet->prev_used) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto =
            ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);

        struct ofport_dpif *in_port;
        struct xlate_in xin;

        facet->prev_packet_count = facet->packet_count;
        facet->prev_byte_count = facet->byte_count;
        facet->prev_used = facet->used;

        in_port = get_ofp_port(ofproto, facet->flow.in_port);
        if (in_port && in_port->tnl_port) {
            netdev_vport_inc_rx(in_port->up.netdev, &stats);
        }

        rule_credit_stats(facet->rule, &stats);
        netflow_flow_update_time(ofproto->netflow, &facet->nf_flow,
                                 facet->used);
        netflow_flow_update_flags(&facet->nf_flow, facet->tcp_flags);
        update_mirror_stats(ofproto, facet->xout.mirrors, stats.n_packets,
                            stats.n_bytes);

        xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, &facet->flow, &facet->initial_vals,
                      facet->rule, stats.tcp_flags, NULL);
        xin.resubmit_stats = &stats;
        xin.may_learn = may_learn;
        xlate_actions_for_side_effects(&xin);
    }
}

static void
push_all_stats__(bool run_fast)
{
    static long long int rl = LLONG_MIN;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    if (time_msec() < rl) {
        return;
    }

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        struct facet *facet;

        HMAP_FOR_EACH (facet, hmap_node, &ofproto->facets) {
            facet_push_stats(facet, false);
            if (run_fast) {
                run_fast_rl();
            }
        }
    }

    rl = time_msec() + 100;
}

static void
push_all_stats(void)
{
    push_all_stats__(true);
}

static void
rule_credit_stats(struct rule_dpif *rule, const struct dpif_flow_stats *stats)
{
    rule->packet_count += stats->n_packets;
    rule->byte_count += stats->n_bytes;
    ofproto_rule_update_used(&rule->up, stats->used);
}
\f
/* Subfacets. */

static struct subfacet *
subfacet_find(struct dpif_backer *backer, const struct nlattr *key,
              size_t key_len, uint32_t key_hash)
{
    struct subfacet *subfacet;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (subfacet, hmap_node, key_hash,
                             &backer->subfacets) {
        if (subfacet->key_len == key_len
            && !memcmp(key, subfacet->key, key_len)) {
            return subfacet;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Searches 'facet' (within 'ofproto') for a subfacet with the specified
 * 'key_fitness', 'key', and 'key_len' members in 'miss'.  Returns the
 * existing subfacet if there is one, otherwise creates and returns a
 * new subfacet. */
static struct subfacet *
subfacet_create(struct facet *facet, struct flow_miss *miss,
                long long int now)
{
    struct dpif_backer *backer = miss->ofproto->backer;
    enum odp_key_fitness key_fitness = miss->key_fitness;
    const struct nlattr *key = miss->key;
    size_t key_len = miss->key_len;
    uint32_t key_hash;
    struct subfacet *subfacet;

    key_hash = odp_flow_key_hash(key, key_len);

    if (list_is_empty(&facet->subfacets)) {
        subfacet = &facet->one_subfacet;
    } else {
        subfacet = subfacet_find(backer, key, key_len, key_hash);
        if (subfacet) {
            if (subfacet->facet == facet) {
                return subfacet;
            }

            /* This shouldn't happen. */
            VLOG_ERR_RL(&rl, "subfacet with wrong facet");
            subfacet_destroy(subfacet);
        }

        subfacet = xmalloc(sizeof *subfacet);
    }

    hmap_insert(&backer->subfacets, &subfacet->hmap_node, key_hash);
    list_push_back(&facet->subfacets, &subfacet->list_node);
    subfacet->facet = facet;
    subfacet->key_fitness = key_fitness;
    subfacet->key = xmemdup(key, key_len);
    subfacet->key_len = key_len;
    subfacet->used = now;
    subfacet->created = now;
    subfacet->dp_packet_count = 0;
    subfacet->dp_byte_count = 0;
    subfacet->path = SF_NOT_INSTALLED;
    subfacet->backer = backer;

    backer->subfacet_add_count++;
    return subfacet;
}

/* Uninstalls 'subfacet' from the datapath, if it is installed, removes it from
 * its facet within 'ofproto', and frees it. */
static void
subfacet_destroy__(struct subfacet *subfacet)
{
    struct facet *facet = subfacet->facet;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);

    /* Update ofproto stats before uninstall the subfacet. */
    ofproto->backer->subfacet_del_count++;

    subfacet_uninstall(subfacet);
    hmap_remove(&subfacet->backer->subfacets, &subfacet->hmap_node);
    list_remove(&subfacet->list_node);
    free(subfacet->key);
    if (subfacet != &facet->one_subfacet) {
        free(subfacet);
    }
}

/* Destroys 'subfacet', as with subfacet_destroy__(), and then if this was the
 * last remaining subfacet in its facet destroys the facet too. */
static void
subfacet_destroy(struct subfacet *subfacet)
{
    struct facet *facet = subfacet->facet;

    if (list_is_singleton(&facet->subfacets)) {
        /* facet_remove() needs at least one subfacet (it will remove it). */
        facet_remove(facet);
    } else {
        subfacet_destroy__(subfacet);
    }
}

static void
subfacet_destroy_batch(struct dpif_backer *backer,
                       struct subfacet **subfacets, int n)
{
    struct dpif_op ops[SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH];
    struct dpif_op *opsp[SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH];
    struct dpif_flow_stats stats[SUBFACET_DESTROY_MAX_BATCH];
    int i;

    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        ops[i].type = DPIF_OP_FLOW_DEL;
        ops[i].u.flow_del.key = subfacets[i]->key;
        ops[i].u.flow_del.key_len = subfacets[i]->key_len;
        ops[i].u.flow_del.stats = &stats[i];
        opsp[i] = &ops[i];
    }

    dpif_operate(backer->dpif, opsp, n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        subfacet_reset_dp_stats(subfacets[i], &stats[i]);
        subfacets[i]->path = SF_NOT_INSTALLED;
        subfacet_destroy(subfacets[i]);
        run_fast_rl();
    }
}

/* Updates 'subfacet''s datapath flow, setting its actions to 'actions_len'
 * bytes of actions in 'actions'.  If 'stats' is non-null, statistics counters
 * in the datapath will be zeroed and 'stats' will be updated with traffic new
 * since 'subfacet' was last updated.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
static int
subfacet_install(struct subfacet *subfacet, const struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                 struct dpif_flow_stats *stats)
{
    struct facet *facet = subfacet->facet;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto);
    enum subfacet_path path = facet->xout.slow ? SF_SLOW_PATH : SF_FAST_PATH;
    const struct nlattr *actions = odp_actions->data;
    size_t actions_len = odp_actions->size;

    uint64_t slow_path_stub[128 / 8];
    enum dpif_flow_put_flags flags;
    int ret;

    flags = DPIF_FP_CREATE | DPIF_FP_MODIFY;
    if (stats) {
        flags |= DPIF_FP_ZERO_STATS;
    }

    if (path == SF_SLOW_PATH) {
        compose_slow_path(ofproto, &facet->flow, facet->xout.slow,
                          slow_path_stub, sizeof slow_path_stub,
                          &actions, &actions_len);
    }

    ret = dpif_flow_put(subfacet->backer->dpif, flags, subfacet->key,
                        subfacet->key_len, actions, actions_len, stats);

    if (stats) {
        subfacet_reset_dp_stats(subfacet, stats);
    }

    if (!ret) {
        subfacet->path = path;
    }
    return ret;
}

/* If 'subfacet' is installed in the datapath, uninstalls it. */
static void
subfacet_uninstall(struct subfacet *subfacet)
{
    if (subfacet->path != SF_NOT_INSTALLED) {
        struct rule_dpif *rule = subfacet->facet->rule;
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(rule->up.ofproto);
        struct dpif_flow_stats stats;
        int error;

        error = dpif_flow_del(ofproto->backer->dpif, subfacet->key,
                              subfacet->key_len, &stats);
        subfacet_reset_dp_stats(subfacet, &stats);
        if (!error) {
            subfacet_update_stats(subfacet, &stats);
        }
        subfacet->path = SF_NOT_INSTALLED;
    } else {
        ovs_assert(subfacet->dp_packet_count == 0);
        ovs_assert(subfacet->dp_byte_count == 0);
    }
}

/* Resets 'subfacet''s datapath statistics counters.  This should be called
 * when 'subfacet''s statistics are cleared in the datapath.  If 'stats' is
 * non-null, it should contain the statistics returned by dpif when 'subfacet'
 * was reset in the datapath.  'stats' will be modified to include only
 * statistics new since 'subfacet' was last updated. */
static void
subfacet_reset_dp_stats(struct subfacet *subfacet,
                        struct dpif_flow_stats *stats)
{
    if (stats
        && subfacet->dp_packet_count <= stats->n_packets
        && subfacet->dp_byte_count <= stats->n_bytes) {
        stats->n_packets -= subfacet->dp_packet_count;
        stats->n_bytes -= subfacet->dp_byte_count;
    }

    subfacet->dp_packet_count = 0;
    subfacet->dp_byte_count = 0;
}

/* Folds the statistics from 'stats' into the counters in 'subfacet'.
 *
 * Because of the meaning of a subfacet's counters, it only makes sense to do
 * this if 'stats' are not tracked in the datapath, that is, if 'stats'
 * represents a packet that was sent by hand or if it represents statistics
 * that have been cleared out of the datapath. */
static void
subfacet_update_stats(struct subfacet *subfacet,
                      const struct dpif_flow_stats *stats)
{
    if (stats->n_packets || stats->used > subfacet->used) {
        struct facet *facet = subfacet->facet;

        subfacet->used = MAX(subfacet->used, stats->used);
        facet->used = MAX(facet->used, stats->used);
        facet->packet_count += stats->n_packets;
        facet->byte_count += stats->n_bytes;
        facet->tcp_flags |= stats->tcp_flags;
    }
}
\f
/* Rules. */

static struct rule_dpif *
rule_dpif_lookup(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule;

    rule = rule_dpif_lookup__(ofproto, flow, 0);
    if (rule) {
        return rule;
    }

    return rule_dpif_miss_rule(ofproto, flow);
}

static struct rule_dpif *
rule_dpif_lookup__(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow,
                   uint8_t table_id)
{
    struct cls_rule *cls_rule;
    struct classifier *cls;
    bool frag;

    if (table_id >= N_TABLES) {
        return NULL;
    }

    cls = &ofproto->up.tables[table_id].cls;
    frag = (flow->nw_frag & FLOW_NW_FRAG_ANY) != 0;
    if (frag && ofproto->up.frag_handling == OFPC_FRAG_NORMAL) {
        /* We must pretend that transport ports are unavailable. */
        struct flow ofpc_normal_flow = *flow;
        ofpc_normal_flow.tp_src = htons(0);
        ofpc_normal_flow.tp_dst = htons(0);
        cls_rule = classifier_lookup(cls, &ofpc_normal_flow, NULL);
    } else if (frag && ofproto->up.frag_handling == OFPC_FRAG_DROP) {
        cls_rule = &ofproto->drop_frags_rule->up.cr;
    } else {
        cls_rule = classifier_lookup(cls, flow, NULL);
    }
    return rule_dpif_cast(rule_from_cls_rule(cls_rule));
}

static struct rule_dpif *
rule_dpif_miss_rule(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port;

    port = get_ofp_port(ofproto, flow->in_port);
    if (!port) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "packet-in on unknown port %"PRIu16, flow->in_port);
        return ofproto->miss_rule;
    }

    if (port->up.pp.config & OFPUTIL_PC_NO_PACKET_IN) {
        return ofproto->no_packet_in_rule;
    }
    return ofproto->miss_rule;
}

static void
complete_operation(struct rule_dpif *rule)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(rule->up.ofproto);

    rule_invalidate(rule);
    if (clogged) {
        struct dpif_completion *c = xmalloc(sizeof *c);
        c->op = rule->up.pending;
        list_push_back(&ofproto->completions, &c->list_node);
    } else {
        ofoperation_complete(rule->up.pending, 0);
    }
}

static struct rule *
rule_alloc(void)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = xmalloc(sizeof *rule);
    return &rule->up;
}

static void
rule_dealloc(struct rule *rule_)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = rule_dpif_cast(rule_);
    free(rule);
}

static enum ofperr
rule_construct(struct rule *rule_)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = rule_dpif_cast(rule_);
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(rule->up.ofproto);
    struct rule_dpif *victim;
    uint8_t table_id;

    rule->packet_count = 0;
    rule->byte_count = 0;

    victim = rule_dpif_cast(ofoperation_get_victim(rule->up.pending));
    if (victim && !list_is_empty(&victim->facets)) {
        struct facet *facet;

        rule->facets = victim->facets;
        list_moved(&rule->facets);
        LIST_FOR_EACH (facet, list_node, &rule->facets) {
            /* XXX: We're only clearing our local counters here.  It's possible
             * that quite a few packets are unaccounted for in the datapath
             * statistics.  These will be accounted to the new rule instead of
             * cleared as required.  This could be fixed by clearing out the
             * datapath statistics for this facet, but currently it doesn't
             * seem worth it. */
            facet_reset_counters(facet);
            facet->rule = rule;
        }
    } else {
        /* Must avoid list_moved() in this case. */
        list_init(&rule->facets);
    }

    table_id = rule->up.table_id;
    if (victim) {
        rule->tag = victim->tag;
    } else if (table_id == 0) {
        rule->tag = 0;
    } else {
        struct flow flow;

        miniflow_expand(&rule->up.cr.match.flow, &flow);
        rule->tag = rule_calculate_tag(&flow, &rule->up.cr.match.mask,
                                       ofproto->tables[table_id].basis);
    }

    complete_operation(rule);
    return 0;
}

static void
rule_destruct(struct rule *rule_)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = rule_dpif_cast(rule_);
    struct facet *facet, *next_facet;

    LIST_FOR_EACH_SAFE (facet, next_facet, list_node, &rule->facets) {
        facet_revalidate(facet);
    }

    complete_operation(rule);
}

static void
rule_get_stats(struct rule *rule_, uint64_t *packets, uint64_t *bytes)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = rule_dpif_cast(rule_);

    /* push_all_stats() can handle flow misses which, when using the learn
     * action, can cause rules to be added and deleted.  This can corrupt our
     * caller's datastructures which assume that rule_get_stats() doesn't have
     * an impact on the flow table. To be safe, we disable miss handling. */
    push_all_stats__(false);

    /* Start from historical data for 'rule' itself that are no longer tracked
     * in facets.  This counts, for example, facets that have expired. */
    *packets = rule->packet_count;
    *bytes = rule->byte_count;
}

static void
rule_dpif_execute(struct rule_dpif *rule, const struct flow *flow,
                  struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(rule->up.ofproto);
    struct initial_vals initial_vals;
    struct dpif_flow_stats stats;
    struct xlate_out xout;
    struct xlate_in xin;

    dpif_flow_stats_extract(flow, packet, time_msec(), &stats);
    rule_credit_stats(rule, &stats);

    initial_vals.vlan_tci = flow->vlan_tci;
    xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, flow, &initial_vals, rule, stats.tcp_flags,
                  packet);
    xin.resubmit_stats = &stats;
    xlate_actions(&xin, &xout);

    execute_odp_actions(ofproto, flow, xout.odp_actions.data,
                        xout.odp_actions.size, packet);

    xlate_out_uninit(&xout);
}

static enum ofperr
rule_execute(struct rule *rule, const struct flow *flow,
             struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    rule_dpif_execute(rule_dpif_cast(rule), flow, packet);
    ofpbuf_delete(packet);
    return 0;
}

static void
rule_modify_actions(struct rule *rule_)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule = rule_dpif_cast(rule_);

    complete_operation(rule);
}
\f
/* Sends 'packet' out 'ofport'.
 * May modify 'packet'.
 * Returns 0 if successful, otherwise a positive errno value. */
static int
send_packet(const struct ofport_dpif *ofport, struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);
    uint64_t odp_actions_stub[1024 / 8];
    struct ofpbuf key, odp_actions;
    struct dpif_flow_stats stats;
    struct odputil_keybuf keybuf;
    struct ofpact_output output;
    struct xlate_out xout;
    struct xlate_in xin;
    struct flow flow;
    int error;

    ofpbuf_use_stub(&odp_actions, odp_actions_stub, sizeof odp_actions_stub);
    ofpbuf_use_stack(&key, &keybuf, sizeof keybuf);

    /* Use OFPP_NONE as the in_port to avoid special packet processing. */
    flow_extract(packet, 0, 0, NULL, OFPP_NONE, &flow);
    odp_flow_key_from_flow(&key, &flow, ofp_port_to_odp_port(ofproto,
                                                             OFPP_LOCAL));
    dpif_flow_stats_extract(&flow, packet, time_msec(), &stats);

    ofpact_init(&output.ofpact, OFPACT_OUTPUT, sizeof output);
    output.port = ofport->up.ofp_port;
    output.max_len = 0;

    xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, &flow, NULL, NULL, 0, packet);
    xin.ofpacts_len = sizeof output;
    xin.ofpacts = &output.ofpact;
    xin.resubmit_stats = &stats;
    xlate_actions(&xin, &xout);

    error = dpif_execute(ofproto->backer->dpif,
                         key.data, key.size,
                         xout.odp_actions.data, xout.odp_actions.size,
                         packet);
    xlate_out_uninit(&xout);

    if (error) {
        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "%s: failed to send packet on port %s (%s)",
                     ofproto->up.name, netdev_get_name(ofport->up.netdev),
                     strerror(error));
    }

    ofproto->stats.tx_packets++;
    ofproto->stats.tx_bytes += packet->size;
    return error;
}
\f
/* OpenFlow to datapath action translation. */

static bool may_receive(const struct ofport_dpif *, struct xlate_ctx *);
static void do_xlate_actions(const struct ofpact *, size_t ofpacts_len,
                             struct xlate_ctx *);
static void xlate_normal(struct xlate_ctx *);

/* Composes an ODP action for a "slow path" action for 'flow' within 'ofproto'.
 * The action will state 'slow' as the reason that the action is in the slow
 * path.  (This is purely informational: it allows a human viewing "ovs-dpctl
 * dump-flows" output to see why a flow is in the slow path.)
 *
 * The 'stub_size' bytes in 'stub' will be used to store the action.
 * 'stub_size' must be large enough for the action.
 *
 * The action and its size will be stored in '*actionsp' and '*actions_lenp',
 * respectively. */
static void
compose_slow_path(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow,
                  enum slow_path_reason slow,
                  uint64_t *stub, size_t stub_size,
                  const struct nlattr **actionsp, size_t *actions_lenp)
{
    union user_action_cookie cookie;
    struct ofpbuf buf;

    cookie.type = USER_ACTION_COOKIE_SLOW_PATH;
    cookie.slow_path.unused = 0;
    cookie.slow_path.reason = slow;

    ofpbuf_use_stack(&buf, stub, stub_size);
    if (slow & (SLOW_CFM | SLOW_BFD | SLOW_LACP | SLOW_STP)) {
        uint32_t pid = dpif_port_get_pid(ofproto->backer->dpif, UINT32_MAX);
        odp_put_userspace_action(pid, &cookie, sizeof cookie.slow_path, &buf);
    } else {
        put_userspace_action(ofproto, &buf, flow, &cookie,
                             sizeof cookie.slow_path);
    }
    *actionsp = buf.data;
    *actions_lenp = buf.size;
}

static size_t
put_userspace_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                     struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                     const struct flow *flow,
                     const union user_action_cookie *cookie,
                     const size_t cookie_size)
{
    uint32_t pid;

    pid = dpif_port_get_pid(ofproto->backer->dpif,
                            ofp_port_to_odp_port(ofproto, flow->in_port));

    return odp_put_userspace_action(pid, cookie, cookie_size, odp_actions);
}

/* Compose SAMPLE action for sFlow or IPFIX.  The given probability is
 * the number of packets out of UINT32_MAX to sample.  The given
 * cookie is passed back in the callback for each sampled packet.
 */
static size_t
compose_sample_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                      struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                      const struct flow *flow,
                      const uint32_t probability,
                      const union user_action_cookie *cookie,
                      const size_t cookie_size)
{
    size_t sample_offset, actions_offset;
    int cookie_offset;

    sample_offset = nl_msg_start_nested(odp_actions, OVS_ACTION_ATTR_SAMPLE);

    nl_msg_put_u32(odp_actions, OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_PROBABILITY, probability);

    actions_offset = nl_msg_start_nested(odp_actions, OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_ACTIONS);
    cookie_offset = put_userspace_action(ofproto, odp_actions, flow, cookie,
                                         cookie_size);

    nl_msg_end_nested(odp_actions, actions_offset);
    nl_msg_end_nested(odp_actions, sample_offset);
    return cookie_offset;
}

static void
compose_sflow_cookie(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                     ovs_be16 vlan_tci, uint32_t odp_port,
                     unsigned int n_outputs, union user_action_cookie *cookie)
{
    int ifindex;

    cookie->type = USER_ACTION_COOKIE_SFLOW;
    cookie->sflow.vlan_tci = vlan_tci;

    /* See http://www.sflow.org/sflow_version_5.txt (search for "Input/output
     * port information") for the interpretation of cookie->output. */
    switch (n_outputs) {
    case 0:
        /* 0x40000000 | 256 means "packet dropped for unknown reason". */
        cookie->sflow.output = 0x40000000 | 256;
        break;

    case 1:
        ifindex = dpif_sflow_odp_port_to_ifindex(ofproto->sflow, odp_port);
        if (ifindex) {
            cookie->sflow.output = ifindex;
            break;
        }
        /* Fall through. */
    default:
        /* 0x80000000 means "multiple output ports. */
        cookie->sflow.output = 0x80000000 | n_outputs;
        break;
    }
}

/* Compose SAMPLE action for sFlow bridge sampling. */
static size_t
compose_sflow_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                     struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                     const struct flow *flow,
                     uint32_t odp_port)
{
    uint32_t probability;
    union user_action_cookie cookie;

    if (!ofproto->sflow || flow->in_port == OFPP_NONE) {
        return 0;
    }

    probability = dpif_sflow_get_probability(ofproto->sflow);
    compose_sflow_cookie(ofproto, htons(0), odp_port,
                         odp_port == OVSP_NONE ? 0 : 1, &cookie);

    return compose_sample_action(ofproto, odp_actions, flow,  probability,
                                 &cookie, sizeof cookie.sflow);
}

static void
compose_flow_sample_cookie(uint16_t probability, uint32_t collector_set_id,
                           uint32_t obs_domain_id, uint32_t obs_point_id,
                           union user_action_cookie *cookie)
{
    cookie->type = USER_ACTION_COOKIE_FLOW_SAMPLE;
    cookie->flow_sample.probability = probability;
    cookie->flow_sample.collector_set_id = collector_set_id;
    cookie->flow_sample.obs_domain_id = obs_domain_id;
    cookie->flow_sample.obs_point_id = obs_point_id;
}

static void
compose_ipfix_cookie(union user_action_cookie *cookie)
{
    cookie->type = USER_ACTION_COOKIE_IPFIX;
}

/* Compose SAMPLE action for IPFIX bridge sampling. */
static void
compose_ipfix_action(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                     struct ofpbuf *odp_actions,
                     const struct flow *flow)
{
    uint32_t probability;
    union user_action_cookie cookie;

    if (!ofproto->ipfix || flow->in_port == OFPP_NONE) {
        return;
    }

    probability = dpif_ipfix_get_bridge_exporter_probability(ofproto->ipfix);
    compose_ipfix_cookie(&cookie);

    compose_sample_action(ofproto, odp_actions, flow,  probability,
                          &cookie, sizeof cookie.ipfix);
}

/* SAMPLE action for sFlow must be first action in any given list of
 * actions.  At this point we do not have all information required to
 * build it. So try to build sample action as complete as possible. */
static void
add_sflow_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    ctx->user_cookie_offset = compose_sflow_action(ctx->ofproto,
                                                   &ctx->xout->odp_actions,
                                                   &ctx->xin->flow, OVSP_NONE);
    ctx->sflow_odp_port = 0;
    ctx->sflow_n_outputs = 0;
}

/* SAMPLE action for IPFIX must be 1st or 2nd action in any given list
 * of actions, eventually after the SAMPLE action for sFlow. */
static void
add_ipfix_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    compose_ipfix_action(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xout->odp_actions,
                         &ctx->xin->flow);
}

/* Fix SAMPLE action according to data collected while composing ODP actions.
 * We need to fix SAMPLE actions OVS_SAMPLE_ATTR_ACTIONS attribute, i.e. nested
 * USERSPACE action's user-cookie which is required for sflow. */
static void
fix_sflow_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    const struct flow *base = &ctx->base_flow;
    union user_action_cookie *cookie;

    if (!ctx->user_cookie_offset) {
        return;
    }

    cookie = ofpbuf_at(&ctx->xout->odp_actions, ctx->user_cookie_offset,
                       sizeof cookie->sflow);
    ovs_assert(cookie->type == USER_ACTION_COOKIE_SFLOW);

    compose_sflow_cookie(ctx->ofproto, base->vlan_tci,
                         ctx->sflow_odp_port, ctx->sflow_n_outputs, cookie);
}

static void
compose_output_action__(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, uint16_t ofp_port,
                        bool check_stp)
{
    const struct ofport_dpif *ofport = get_ofp_port(ctx->ofproto, ofp_port);
    ovs_be16 flow_vlan_tci;
    uint32_t flow_skb_mark;
    uint8_t flow_nw_tos;
    struct priority_to_dscp *pdscp;
    uint32_t out_port, odp_port;

    /* If 'struct flow' gets additional metadata, we'll need to zero it out
     * before traversing a patch port. */
    BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(FLOW_WC_SEQ == 20);

    if (!ofport) {
        xlate_report(ctx, "Nonexistent output port");
        return;
    } else if (ofport->up.pp.config & OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FWD) {
        xlate_report(ctx, "OFPPC_NO_FWD set, skipping output");
        return;
    } else if (check_stp && !stp_forward_in_state(ofport->stp_state)) {
        xlate_report(ctx, "STP not in forwarding state, skipping output");
        return;
    }

    if (netdev_vport_is_patch(ofport->up.netdev)) {
        struct ofport_dpif *peer = ofport_get_peer(ofport);
        struct flow old_flow = ctx->xin->flow;
        const struct ofproto_dpif *peer_ofproto;
        enum slow_path_reason special;
        struct ofport_dpif *in_port;

        if (!peer) {
            xlate_report(ctx, "Nonexistent patch port peer");
            return;
        }

        peer_ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(peer->up.ofproto);
        if (peer_ofproto->backer != ctx->ofproto->backer) {
            xlate_report(ctx, "Patch port peer on a different datapath");
            return;
        }

        ctx->ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(peer->up.ofproto);
        ctx->xin->flow.in_port = peer->up.ofp_port;
        ctx->xin->flow.metadata = htonll(0);
        memset(&ctx->xin->flow.tunnel, 0, sizeof ctx->xin->flow.tunnel);
        memset(ctx->xin->flow.regs, 0, sizeof ctx->xin->flow.regs);

        in_port = get_ofp_port(ctx->ofproto, ctx->xin->flow.in_port);
        special = process_special(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xin->flow, in_port,
                                  ctx->xin->packet);
        if (special) {
            ctx->xout->slow = special;
        } else if (!in_port || may_receive(in_port, ctx)) {
            if (!in_port || stp_forward_in_state(in_port->stp_state)) {
                xlate_table_action(ctx, ctx->xin->flow.in_port, 0, true);
            } else {
                /* Forwarding is disabled by STP.  Let OFPP_NORMAL and the
                 * learning action look at the packet, then drop it. */
                struct flow old_base_flow = ctx->base_flow;
                size_t old_size = ctx->xout->odp_actions.size;
                xlate_table_action(ctx, ctx->xin->flow.in_port, 0, true);
                ctx->base_flow = old_base_flow;
                ctx->xout->odp_actions.size = old_size;
            }
        }

        ctx->xin->flow = old_flow;
        ctx->ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport->up.ofproto);

        if (ctx->xin->resubmit_stats) {
            netdev_vport_inc_tx(ofport->up.netdev, ctx->xin->resubmit_stats);
            netdev_vport_inc_rx(peer->up.netdev, ctx->xin->resubmit_stats);
        }

        return;
    }

    flow_vlan_tci = ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci;
    flow_skb_mark = ctx->xin->flow.skb_mark;
    flow_nw_tos = ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos;

    pdscp = get_priority(ofport, ctx->xin->flow.skb_priority);
    if (pdscp) {
        ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos &= ~IP_DSCP_MASK;
        ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos |= pdscp->dscp;
    }

    if (ofport->tnl_port) {
         /* Save tunnel metadata so that changes made due to
          * the Logical (tunnel) Port are not visible for any further
          * matches, while explicit set actions on tunnel metadata are.
          */
        struct flow_tnl flow_tnl = ctx->xin->flow.tunnel;
        odp_port = tnl_port_send(ofport->tnl_port, &ctx->xin->flow);
        if (odp_port == OVSP_NONE) {
            xlate_report(ctx, "Tunneling decided against output");
            goto out; /* restore flow_nw_tos */
        }
        if (ctx->xin->flow.tunnel.ip_dst == ctx->orig_tunnel_ip_dst) {
            xlate_report(ctx, "Not tunneling to our own address");
            goto out; /* restore flow_nw_tos */
        }
        if (ctx->xin->resubmit_stats) {
            netdev_vport_inc_tx(ofport->up.netdev, ctx->xin->resubmit_stats);
        }
        out_port = odp_port;
        commit_odp_tunnel_action(&ctx->xin->flow, &ctx->base_flow,
                                 &ctx->xout->odp_actions);
        ctx->xin->flow.tunnel = flow_tnl; /* Restore tunnel metadata */
    } else {
        uint16_t vlandev_port;
        odp_port = ofport->odp_port;
        vlandev_port = vsp_realdev_to_vlandev(ctx->ofproto, ofp_port,
                                              ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci);
        if (vlandev_port == ofp_port) {
            out_port = odp_port;
        } else {
            out_port = ofp_port_to_odp_port(ctx->ofproto, vlandev_port);
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci = htons(0);
        }
        ctx->xin->flow.skb_mark &= ~IPSEC_MARK;
    }
    commit_odp_actions(&ctx->xin->flow, &ctx->base_flow,
                       &ctx->xout->odp_actions);
    nl_msg_put_u32(&ctx->xout->odp_actions, OVS_ACTION_ATTR_OUTPUT, out_port);

    ctx->sflow_odp_port = odp_port;
    ctx->sflow_n_outputs++;
    ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = ofp_port;

    /* Restore flow */
    ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci = flow_vlan_tci;
    ctx->xin->flow.skb_mark = flow_skb_mark;
 out:
    ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos = flow_nw_tos;
}

static void
compose_output_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, uint16_t ofp_port)
{
    compose_output_action__(ctx, ofp_port, true);
}

static void
tag_the_flow(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, struct rule_dpif *rule)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ctx->ofproto;
    uint8_t table_id = ctx->table_id;

    if (table_id > 0 && table_id < N_TABLES) {
        struct table_dpif *table = &ofproto->tables[table_id];
        if (table->other_table) {
            ctx->xout->tags |= (rule && rule->tag
                                ? rule->tag
                                : rule_calculate_tag(&ctx->xin->flow,
                                                     &table->other_table->mask,
                                                     table->basis));
        }
    }
}

/* Common rule processing in one place to avoid duplicating code. */
static struct rule_dpif *
ctx_rule_hooks(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, struct rule_dpif *rule,
               bool may_packet_in)
{
    if (ctx->xin->resubmit_hook) {
        ctx->xin->resubmit_hook(ctx, rule);
    }
    if (rule == NULL && may_packet_in) {
        /* XXX
         * check if table configuration flags
         * OFPTC_TABLE_MISS_CONTROLLER, default.
         * OFPTC_TABLE_MISS_CONTINUE,
         * OFPTC_TABLE_MISS_DROP
         * When OF1.0, OFPTC_TABLE_MISS_CONTINUE is used. What to do?
         */
        rule = rule_dpif_miss_rule(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xin->flow);
    }
    if (rule && ctx->xin->resubmit_stats) {
        rule_credit_stats(rule, ctx->xin->resubmit_stats);
    }
    return rule;
}

static void
xlate_table_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                   uint16_t in_port, uint8_t table_id, bool may_packet_in)
{
    if (ctx->recurse < MAX_RESUBMIT_RECURSION) {
        struct rule_dpif *rule;
        uint16_t old_in_port = ctx->xin->flow.in_port;
        uint8_t old_table_id = ctx->table_id;

        ctx->table_id = table_id;

        /* Look up a flow with 'in_port' as the input port. */
        ctx->xin->flow.in_port = in_port;
        rule = rule_dpif_lookup__(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xin->flow, table_id);

        tag_the_flow(ctx, rule);

        /* Restore the original input port.  Otherwise OFPP_NORMAL and
         * OFPP_IN_PORT will have surprising behavior. */
        ctx->xin->flow.in_port = old_in_port;

        rule = ctx_rule_hooks(ctx, rule, may_packet_in);

        if (rule) {
            struct rule_dpif *old_rule = ctx->rule;

            ctx->recurse++;
            ctx->rule = rule;
            do_xlate_actions(rule->up.ofpacts, rule->up.ofpacts_len, ctx);
            ctx->rule = old_rule;
            ctx->recurse--;
        }

        ctx->table_id = old_table_id;
    } else {
        static struct vlog_rate_limit recurse_rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 1);

        VLOG_ERR_RL(&recurse_rl, "resubmit actions recursed over %d times",
                    MAX_RESUBMIT_RECURSION);
        ctx->max_resubmit_trigger = true;
    }
}

static void
xlate_ofpact_resubmit(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                      const struct ofpact_resubmit *resubmit)
{
    uint16_t in_port;
    uint8_t table_id;

    in_port = resubmit->in_port;
    if (in_port == OFPP_IN_PORT) {
        in_port = ctx->xin->flow.in_port;
    }

    table_id = resubmit->table_id;
    if (table_id == 255) {
        table_id = ctx->table_id;
    }

    xlate_table_action(ctx, in_port, table_id, false);
}

static void
flood_packets(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, bool all)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofport, up.hmap_node, &ctx->ofproto->up.ports) {
        uint16_t ofp_port = ofport->up.ofp_port;

        if (ofp_port == ctx->xin->flow.in_port) {
            continue;
        }

        if (all) {
            compose_output_action__(ctx, ofp_port, false);
        } else if (!(ofport->up.pp.config & OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD)) {
            compose_output_action(ctx, ofp_port);
        }
    }

    ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_FLOOD;
}

static void
execute_controller_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, int len,
                          enum ofp_packet_in_reason reason,
                          uint16_t controller_id)
{
    struct ofputil_packet_in pin;
    struct ofpbuf *packet;
    struct flow key;

    ovs_assert(!ctx->xout->slow || ctx->xout->slow == SLOW_CONTROLLER);
    ctx->xout->slow = SLOW_CONTROLLER;
    if (!ctx->xin->packet) {
        return;
    }

    packet = ofpbuf_clone(ctx->xin->packet);

    key.skb_priority = 0;
    key.skb_mark = 0;
    memset(&key.tunnel, 0, sizeof key.tunnel);

    commit_odp_actions(&ctx->xin->flow, &ctx->base_flow,
                       &ctx->xout->odp_actions);

    odp_execute_actions(NULL, packet, &key, ctx->xout->odp_actions.data,
                        ctx->xout->odp_actions.size, NULL, NULL);

    pin.packet = packet->data;
    pin.packet_len = packet->size;
    pin.reason = reason;
    pin.controller_id = controller_id;
    pin.table_id = ctx->table_id;
    pin.cookie = ctx->rule ? ctx->rule->up.flow_cookie : 0;

    pin.send_len = len;
    flow_get_metadata(&ctx->xin->flow, &pin.fmd);

    connmgr_send_packet_in(ctx->ofproto->up.connmgr, &pin);
    ofpbuf_delete(packet);
}

static void
execute_mpls_push_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, ovs_be16 eth_type)
{
    ovs_assert(eth_type_mpls(eth_type));

    if (ctx->base_flow.mpls_depth) {
        ctx->xin->flow.mpls_lse &= ~htonl(MPLS_BOS_MASK);
        ctx->xin->flow.mpls_depth++;
    } else {
        ovs_be32 label;
        uint8_t tc, ttl;

        if (ctx->xin->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IPV6)) {
            label = htonl(0x2); /* IPV6 Explicit Null. */
        } else {
            label = htonl(0x0); /* IPV4 Explicit Null. */
        }
        tc = (ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos & IP_DSCP_MASK) >> 2;
        ttl = ctx->xin->flow.nw_ttl ? ctx->xin->flow.nw_ttl : 0x40;
        ctx->xin->flow.mpls_lse = set_mpls_lse_values(ttl, tc, 1, label);
        ctx->xin->flow.mpls_depth = 1;
    }
    ctx->xin->flow.dl_type = eth_type;
}

static void
execute_mpls_pop_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, ovs_be16 eth_type)
{
    ovs_assert(eth_type_mpls(ctx->xin->flow.dl_type));
    ovs_assert(!eth_type_mpls(eth_type));

    if (ctx->xin->flow.mpls_depth) {
        ctx->xin->flow.mpls_depth--;
        ctx->xin->flow.mpls_lse = htonl(0);
        if (!ctx->xin->flow.mpls_depth) {
            ctx->xin->flow.dl_type = eth_type;
        }
    }
}

static bool
compose_dec_ttl(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, struct ofpact_cnt_ids *ids)
{
    if (ctx->xin->flow.dl_type != htons(ETH_TYPE_IP) &&
        ctx->xin->flow.dl_type != htons(ETH_TYPE_IPV6)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (ctx->xin->flow.nw_ttl > 1) {
        ctx->xin->flow.nw_ttl--;
        return false;
    } else {
        size_t i;

        for (i = 0; i < ids->n_controllers; i++) {
            execute_controller_action(ctx, UINT16_MAX, OFPR_INVALID_TTL,
                                      ids->cnt_ids[i]);
        }

        /* Stop processing for current table. */
        return true;
    }
}

static bool
execute_set_mpls_ttl_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, uint8_t ttl)
{
    if (!eth_type_mpls(ctx->xin->flow.dl_type)) {
        return true;
    }

    set_mpls_lse_ttl(&ctx->xin->flow.mpls_lse, ttl);
    return false;
}

static bool
execute_dec_mpls_ttl_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    uint8_t ttl = mpls_lse_to_ttl(ctx->xin->flow.mpls_lse);

    if (!eth_type_mpls(ctx->xin->flow.dl_type)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (ttl > 1) {
        ttl--;
        set_mpls_lse_ttl(&ctx->xin->flow.mpls_lse, ttl);
        return false;
    } else {
        execute_controller_action(ctx, UINT16_MAX, OFPR_INVALID_TTL, 0);

        /* Stop processing for current table. */
        return true;
    }
}

static void
xlate_output_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                    uint16_t port, uint16_t max_len, bool may_packet_in)
{
    uint16_t prev_nf_output_iface = ctx->xout->nf_output_iface;

    ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_DROP;

    switch (port) {
    case OFPP_IN_PORT:
        compose_output_action(ctx, ctx->xin->flow.in_port);
        break;
    case OFPP_TABLE:
        xlate_table_action(ctx, ctx->xin->flow.in_port, 0, may_packet_in);
        break;
    case OFPP_NORMAL:
        xlate_normal(ctx);
        break;
    case OFPP_FLOOD:
        flood_packets(ctx,  false);
        break;
    case OFPP_ALL:
        flood_packets(ctx, true);
        break;
    case OFPP_CONTROLLER:
        execute_controller_action(ctx, max_len, OFPR_ACTION, 0);
        break;
    case OFPP_NONE:
        break;
    case OFPP_LOCAL:
    default:
        if (port != ctx->xin->flow.in_port) {
            compose_output_action(ctx, port);
        } else {
            xlate_report(ctx, "skipping output to input port");
        }
        break;
    }

    if (prev_nf_output_iface == NF_OUT_FLOOD) {
        ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_FLOOD;
    } else if (ctx->xout->nf_output_iface == NF_OUT_DROP) {
        ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = prev_nf_output_iface;
    } else if (prev_nf_output_iface != NF_OUT_DROP &&
               ctx->xout->nf_output_iface != NF_OUT_FLOOD) {
        ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_MULTI;
    }
}

static void
xlate_output_reg_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                        const struct ofpact_output_reg *or)
{
    uint64_t port = mf_get_subfield(&or->src, &ctx->xin->flow);
    if (port <= UINT16_MAX) {
        xlate_output_action(ctx, port, or->max_len, false);
    }
}

static void
xlate_enqueue_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                     const struct ofpact_enqueue *enqueue)
{
    uint16_t ofp_port = enqueue->port;
    uint32_t queue_id = enqueue->queue;
    uint32_t flow_priority, priority;
    int error;

    /* Translate queue to priority. */
    error = dpif_queue_to_priority(ctx->ofproto->backer->dpif,
                                   queue_id, &priority);
    if (error) {
        /* Fall back to ordinary output action. */
        xlate_output_action(ctx, enqueue->port, 0, false);
        return;
    }

    /* Check output port. */
    if (ofp_port == OFPP_IN_PORT) {
        ofp_port = ctx->xin->flow.in_port;
    } else if (ofp_port == ctx->xin->flow.in_port) {
        return;
    }

    /* Add datapath actions. */
    flow_priority = ctx->xin->flow.skb_priority;
    ctx->xin->flow.skb_priority = priority;
    compose_output_action(ctx, ofp_port);
    ctx->xin->flow.skb_priority = flow_priority;

    /* Update NetFlow output port. */
    if (ctx->xout->nf_output_iface == NF_OUT_DROP) {
        ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = ofp_port;
    } else if (ctx->xout->nf_output_iface != NF_OUT_FLOOD) {
        ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_MULTI;
    }
}

static void
xlate_set_queue_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, uint32_t queue_id)
{
    uint32_t skb_priority;

    if (!dpif_queue_to_priority(ctx->ofproto->backer->dpif,
                                queue_id, &skb_priority)) {
        ctx->xin->flow.skb_priority = skb_priority;
    } else {
        /* Couldn't translate queue to a priority.  Nothing to do.  A warning
         * has already been logged. */
    }
}

static bool
slave_enabled_cb(uint16_t ofp_port, void *ofproto_)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_;
    struct ofport_dpif *port;

    switch (ofp_port) {
    case OFPP_IN_PORT:
    case OFPP_TABLE:
    case OFPP_NORMAL:
    case OFPP_FLOOD:
    case OFPP_ALL:
    case OFPP_NONE:
        return true;
    case OFPP_CONTROLLER: /* Not supported by the bundle action. */
        return false;
    default:
        port = get_ofp_port(ofproto, ofp_port);
        return port ? port->may_enable : false;
    }
}

static void
xlate_bundle_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                    const struct ofpact_bundle *bundle)
{
    uint16_t port;

    port = bundle_execute(bundle, &ctx->xin->flow, slave_enabled_cb,
                          ctx->ofproto);
    if (bundle->dst.field) {
        nxm_reg_load(&bundle->dst, port, &ctx->xin->flow);
    } else {
        xlate_output_action(ctx, port, 0, false);
    }
}

static void
xlate_learn_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                   const struct ofpact_learn *learn)
{
    static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(5, 1);
    struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
    uint64_t ofpacts_stub[1024 / 8];
    struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
    int error;

    ofpbuf_use_stack(&ofpacts, ofpacts_stub, sizeof ofpacts_stub);
    learn_execute(learn, &ctx->xin->flow, &fm, &ofpacts);

    error = ofproto_flow_mod(&ctx->ofproto->up, &fm);
    if (error && !VLOG_DROP_WARN(&rl)) {
        VLOG_WARN("learning action failed to modify flow table (%s)",
                  ofperr_get_name(error));
    }

    ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
}

/* Reduces '*timeout' to no more than 'max'.  A value of zero in either case
 * means "infinite". */
static void
reduce_timeout(uint16_t max, uint16_t *timeout)
{
    if (max && (!*timeout || *timeout > max)) {
        *timeout = max;
    }
}

static void
xlate_fin_timeout(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                  const struct ofpact_fin_timeout *oft)
{
    if (ctx->xin->tcp_flags & (TCP_FIN | TCP_RST) && ctx->rule) {
        struct rule_dpif *rule = ctx->rule;

        reduce_timeout(oft->fin_idle_timeout, &rule->up.idle_timeout);
        reduce_timeout(oft->fin_hard_timeout, &rule->up.hard_timeout);
    }
}

static void
xlate_sample_action(struct xlate_ctx *ctx,
                    const struct ofpact_sample *os)
{
  union user_action_cookie cookie;
  /* Scale the probability from 16-bit to 32-bit while representing
   * the same percentage. */
  uint32_t probability = (os->probability << 16) | os->probability;

  commit_odp_actions(&ctx->xin->flow, &ctx->base_flow,
                     &ctx->xout->odp_actions);

  compose_flow_sample_cookie(os->probability, os->collector_set_id,
                             os->obs_domain_id, os->obs_point_id, &cookie);
  compose_sample_action(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xout->odp_actions, &ctx->xin->flow,
                        probability, &cookie, sizeof cookie.flow_sample);
}

static bool
may_receive(const struct ofport_dpif *port, struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    if (port->up.pp.config & (eth_addr_equals(ctx->xin->flow.dl_dst,
                                              eth_addr_stp)
                              ? OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV_STP
                              : OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV)) {
        return false;
    }

    /* Only drop packets here if both forwarding and learning are
     * disabled.  If just learning is enabled, we need to have
     * OFPP_NORMAL and the learning action have a look at the packet
     * before we can drop it. */
    if (!stp_forward_in_state(port->stp_state)
            && !stp_learn_in_state(port->stp_state)) {
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

static bool
tunnel_ecn_ok(struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    if (is_ip_any(&ctx->base_flow)
        && (ctx->xin->flow.tunnel.ip_tos & IP_ECN_MASK) == IP_ECN_CE) {
        if ((ctx->base_flow.nw_tos & IP_ECN_MASK) == IP_ECN_NOT_ECT) {
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "dropping tunnel packet marked ECN CE"
                         " but is not ECN capable");
            return false;
        } else {
            /* Set the ECN CE value in the tunneled packet. */
            ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos |= IP_ECN_CE;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static void
do_xlate_actions(const struct ofpact *ofpacts, size_t ofpacts_len,
                 struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    bool was_evictable = true;
    const struct ofpact *a;

    if (ctx->rule) {
        /* Don't let the rule we're working on get evicted underneath us. */
        was_evictable = ctx->rule->up.evictable;
        ctx->rule->up.evictable = false;
    }

 do_xlate_actions_again:
    OFPACT_FOR_EACH (a, ofpacts, ofpacts_len) {
        struct ofpact_controller *controller;
        const struct ofpact_metadata *metadata;

        if (ctx->exit) {
            break;
        }

        switch (a->type) {
        case OFPACT_OUTPUT:
            xlate_output_action(ctx, ofpact_get_OUTPUT(a)->port,
                                ofpact_get_OUTPUT(a)->max_len, true);
            break;

        case OFPACT_CONTROLLER:
            controller = ofpact_get_CONTROLLER(a);
            execute_controller_action(ctx, controller->max_len,
                                      controller->reason,
                                      controller->controller_id);
            break;

        case OFPACT_ENQUEUE:
            xlate_enqueue_action(ctx, ofpact_get_ENQUEUE(a));
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_VLAN_VID:
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci &= ~htons(VLAN_VID_MASK);
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci |=
                (htons(ofpact_get_SET_VLAN_VID(a)->vlan_vid)
                 | htons(VLAN_CFI));
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_VLAN_PCP:
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci &= ~htons(VLAN_PCP_MASK);
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci |=
                htons((ofpact_get_SET_VLAN_PCP(a)->vlan_pcp << VLAN_PCP_SHIFT)
                      | VLAN_CFI);
            break;

        case OFPACT_STRIP_VLAN:
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci = htons(0);
            break;

        case OFPACT_PUSH_VLAN:
            /* XXX 802.1AD(QinQ) */
            ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci = htons(VLAN_CFI);
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_ETH_SRC:
            memcpy(ctx->xin->flow.dl_src, ofpact_get_SET_ETH_SRC(a)->mac,
                   ETH_ADDR_LEN);
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_ETH_DST:
            memcpy(ctx->xin->flow.dl_dst, ofpact_get_SET_ETH_DST(a)->mac,
                   ETH_ADDR_LEN);
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_IPV4_SRC:
            if (ctx->xin->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)) {
                ctx->xin->flow.nw_src = ofpact_get_SET_IPV4_SRC(a)->ipv4;
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_IPV4_DST:
            if (ctx->xin->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)) {
                ctx->xin->flow.nw_dst = ofpact_get_SET_IPV4_DST(a)->ipv4;
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_IPV4_DSCP:
            /* OpenFlow 1.0 only supports IPv4. */
            if (ctx->xin->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)) {
                ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos &= ~IP_DSCP_MASK;
                ctx->xin->flow.nw_tos |= ofpact_get_SET_IPV4_DSCP(a)->dscp;
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_L4_SRC_PORT:
            if (is_ip_any(&ctx->xin->flow)) {
                ctx->xin->flow.tp_src =
                    htons(ofpact_get_SET_L4_SRC_PORT(a)->port);
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_L4_DST_PORT:
            if (is_ip_any(&ctx->xin->flow)) {
                ctx->xin->flow.tp_dst =
                    htons(ofpact_get_SET_L4_DST_PORT(a)->port);
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_RESUBMIT:
            xlate_ofpact_resubmit(ctx, ofpact_get_RESUBMIT(a));
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_TUNNEL:
            ctx->xin->flow.tunnel.tun_id =
                htonll(ofpact_get_SET_TUNNEL(a)->tun_id);
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_QUEUE:
            xlate_set_queue_action(ctx, ofpact_get_SET_QUEUE(a)->queue_id);
            break;

        case OFPACT_POP_QUEUE:
            ctx->xin->flow.skb_priority = ctx->orig_skb_priority;
            break;

        case OFPACT_REG_MOVE:
            nxm_execute_reg_move(ofpact_get_REG_MOVE(a), &ctx->xin->flow);
            break;

        case OFPACT_REG_LOAD:
            nxm_execute_reg_load(ofpact_get_REG_LOAD(a), &ctx->xin->flow);
            break;

        case OFPACT_STACK_PUSH:
            nxm_execute_stack_push(ofpact_get_STACK_PUSH(a), &ctx->xin->flow,
                                   &ctx->stack);
            break;

        case OFPACT_STACK_POP:
            nxm_execute_stack_pop(ofpact_get_STACK_POP(a), &ctx->xin->flow,
                                  &ctx->stack);
            break;

        case OFPACT_PUSH_MPLS:
            execute_mpls_push_action(ctx, ofpact_get_PUSH_MPLS(a)->ethertype);
            break;

        case OFPACT_POP_MPLS:
            execute_mpls_pop_action(ctx, ofpact_get_POP_MPLS(a)->ethertype);
            break;

        case OFPACT_SET_MPLS_TTL:
            if (execute_set_mpls_ttl_action(ctx,
                                            ofpact_get_SET_MPLS_TTL(a)->ttl)) {
                goto out;
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_DEC_MPLS_TTL:
            if (execute_dec_mpls_ttl_action(ctx)) {
                goto out;
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_DEC_TTL:
            if (compose_dec_ttl(ctx, ofpact_get_DEC_TTL(a))) {
                goto out;
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_NOTE:
            /* Nothing to do. */
            break;

        case OFPACT_MULTIPATH:
            multipath_execute(ofpact_get_MULTIPATH(a), &ctx->xin->flow);
            break;

        case OFPACT_BUNDLE:
            ctx->ofproto->has_bundle_action = true;
            xlate_bundle_action(ctx, ofpact_get_BUNDLE(a));
            break;

        case OFPACT_OUTPUT_REG:
            xlate_output_reg_action(ctx, ofpact_get_OUTPUT_REG(a));
            break;

        case OFPACT_LEARN:
            ctx->xout->has_learn = true;
            if (ctx->xin->may_learn) {
                xlate_learn_action(ctx, ofpact_get_LEARN(a));
            }
            break;

        case OFPACT_EXIT:
            ctx->exit = true;
            break;

        case OFPACT_FIN_TIMEOUT:
            ctx->xout->has_fin_timeout = true;
            xlate_fin_timeout(ctx, ofpact_get_FIN_TIMEOUT(a));
            break;

        case OFPACT_CLEAR_ACTIONS:
            /* XXX
             * Nothing to do because writa-actions is not supported for now.
             * When writa-actions is supported, clear-actions also must
             * be supported at the same time.
             */
            break;

        case OFPACT_WRITE_METADATA:
            metadata = ofpact_get_WRITE_METADATA(a);
            ctx->xin->flow.metadata &= ~metadata->mask;
            ctx->xin->flow.metadata |= metadata->metadata & metadata->mask;
            break;

        case OFPACT_GOTO_TABLE: {
            /* It is assumed that goto-table is the last action. */
            struct ofpact_goto_table *ogt = ofpact_get_GOTO_TABLE(a);
            struct rule_dpif *rule;

            ovs_assert(ctx->table_id < ogt->table_id);

            ctx->table_id = ogt->table_id;

            /* Look up a flow from the new table. */
            rule = rule_dpif_lookup__(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xin->flow, ctx->table_id);

            tag_the_flow(ctx, rule);

            rule = ctx_rule_hooks(ctx, rule, true);

            if (rule) {
                if (ctx->rule) {
                    ctx->rule->up.evictable = was_evictable;
                }
                ctx->rule = rule;
                was_evictable = rule->up.evictable;
                rule->up.evictable = false;

                /* Tail recursion removal. */
                ofpacts = rule->up.ofpacts;
                ofpacts_len = rule->up.ofpacts_len;
                goto do_xlate_actions_again;
            }
            break;
        }

        case OFPACT_SAMPLE:
            xlate_sample_action(ctx, ofpact_get_SAMPLE(a));
            break;
        }
    }

out:
    if (ctx->rule) {
        ctx->rule->up.evictable = was_evictable;
    }
}

static void
xlate_in_init(struct xlate_in *xin, struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
              const struct flow *flow,
              const struct initial_vals *initial_vals,
              struct rule_dpif *rule, uint8_t tcp_flags,
              const struct ofpbuf *packet)
{
    xin->ofproto = ofproto;
    xin->flow = *flow;
    xin->packet = packet;
    xin->may_learn = packet != NULL;
    xin->rule = rule;
    xin->ofpacts = NULL;
    xin->ofpacts_len = 0;
    xin->tcp_flags = tcp_flags;
    xin->resubmit_hook = NULL;
    xin->report_hook = NULL;
    xin->resubmit_stats = NULL;

    if (initial_vals) {
        xin->initial_vals = *initial_vals;
    } else {
        xin->initial_vals.vlan_tci = xin->flow.vlan_tci;
    }
}

static void
xlate_out_uninit(struct xlate_out *xout)
{
    if (xout) {
        ofpbuf_uninit(&xout->odp_actions);
    }
}

/* Translates the 'ofpacts_len' bytes of "struct ofpacts" starting at 'ofpacts'
 * into datapath actions in 'odp_actions', using 'ctx'. */
static void
xlate_actions(struct xlate_in *xin, struct xlate_out *xout)
{
    /* Normally false.  Set to true if we ever hit MAX_RESUBMIT_RECURSION, so
     * that in the future we always keep a copy of the original flow for
     * tracing purposes. */
    static bool hit_resubmit_limit;

    enum slow_path_reason special;
    const struct ofpact *ofpacts;
    struct ofport_dpif *in_port;
    struct flow orig_flow;
    struct xlate_ctx ctx;
    size_t ofpacts_len;

    COVERAGE_INC(ofproto_dpif_xlate);

    /* Flow initialization rules:
     * - 'base_flow' must match the kernel's view of the packet at the
     *   time that action processing starts.  'flow' represents any
     *   transformations we wish to make through actions.
     * - By default 'base_flow' and 'flow' are the same since the input
     *   packet matches the output before any actions are applied.
     * - When using VLAN splinters, 'base_flow''s VLAN is set to the value
     *   of the received packet as seen by the kernel.  If we later output
     *   to another device without any modifications this will cause us to
     *   insert a new tag since the original one was stripped off by the
     *   VLAN device.
     * - Tunnel metadata as received is retained in 'flow'. This allows
     *   tunnel metadata matching also in later tables.
     *   Since a kernel action for setting the tunnel metadata will only be
     *   generated with actual tunnel output, changing the tunnel metadata
     *   values in 'flow' (such as tun_id) will only have effect with a later
     *   tunnel output action.
     * - Tunnel 'base_flow' is completely cleared since that is what the
     *   kernel does.  If we wish to maintain the original values an action
     *   needs to be generated. */

    ctx.xin = xin;
    ctx.xout = xout;

    ctx.ofproto = xin->ofproto;
    ctx.rule = xin->rule;

    ctx.base_flow = ctx.xin->flow;
    ctx.base_flow.vlan_tci = xin->initial_vals.vlan_tci;
    memset(&ctx.base_flow.tunnel, 0, sizeof ctx.base_flow.tunnel);
    ctx.orig_tunnel_ip_dst = ctx.xin->flow.tunnel.ip_dst;

    ctx.xout->tags = 0;
    ctx.xout->slow = 0;
    ctx.xout->has_learn = false;
    ctx.xout->has_normal = false;
    ctx.xout->has_fin_timeout = false;
    ctx.xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_DROP;
    ctx.xout->mirrors = 0;

    ofpbuf_use_stub(&ctx.xout->odp_actions, ctx.xout->odp_actions_stub,
                    sizeof ctx.xout->odp_actions_stub);
    ofpbuf_reserve(&ctx.xout->odp_actions, NL_A_U32_SIZE);

    ctx.recurse = 0;
    ctx.max_resubmit_trigger = false;
    ctx.orig_skb_priority = ctx.xin->flow.skb_priority;
    ctx.table_id = 0;
    ctx.exit = false;

    if (xin->ofpacts) {
        ofpacts = xin->ofpacts;
        ofpacts_len = xin->ofpacts_len;
    } else if (xin->rule) {
        ofpacts = xin->rule->up.ofpacts;
        ofpacts_len = xin->rule->up.ofpacts_len;
    } else {
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

    ofpbuf_use_stub(&ctx.stack, ctx.init_stack, sizeof ctx.init_stack);

    if (ctx.ofproto->has_mirrors || hit_resubmit_limit) {
        /* Do this conditionally because the copy is expensive enough that it
         * shows up in profiles. */
        orig_flow = ctx.xin->flow;
    }

    if (ctx.xin->flow.nw_frag & FLOW_NW_FRAG_ANY) {
        switch (ctx.ofproto->up.frag_handling) {
        case OFPC_FRAG_NORMAL:
            /* We must pretend that transport ports are unavailable. */
            ctx.xin->flow.tp_src = ctx.base_flow.tp_src = htons(0);
            ctx.xin->flow.tp_dst = ctx.base_flow.tp_dst = htons(0);
            break;

        case OFPC_FRAG_DROP:
            return;

        case OFPC_FRAG_REASM:
            NOT_REACHED();

        case OFPC_FRAG_NX_MATCH:
            /* Nothing to do. */
            break;

        case OFPC_INVALID_TTL_TO_CONTROLLER:
            NOT_REACHED();
        }
    }

    in_port = get_ofp_port(ctx.ofproto, ctx.xin->flow.in_port);
    special = process_special(ctx.ofproto, &ctx.xin->flow, in_port,
                              ctx.xin->packet);
    if (special) {
        ctx.xout->slow = special;
    } else {
        static struct vlog_rate_limit trace_rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 1);
        struct initial_vals initial_vals;
        size_t sample_actions_len;
        uint32_t local_odp_port;

        initial_vals.vlan_tci = ctx.base_flow.vlan_tci;

        add_sflow_action(&ctx);
        add_ipfix_action(&ctx);
        sample_actions_len = ctx.xout->odp_actions.size;

        if (tunnel_ecn_ok(&ctx) && (!in_port || may_receive(in_port, &ctx))) {
            do_xlate_actions(ofpacts, ofpacts_len, &ctx);

            /* We've let OFPP_NORMAL and the learning action look at the
             * packet, so drop it now if forwarding is disabled. */
            if (in_port && !stp_forward_in_state(in_port->stp_state)) {
                ctx.xout->odp_actions.size = sample_actions_len;
            }
        }

        if (ctx.max_resubmit_trigger && !ctx.xin->resubmit_hook) {
            if (!hit_resubmit_limit) {
                /* We didn't record the original flow.  Make sure we do from
                 * now on. */
                hit_resubmit_limit = true;
            } else if (!VLOG_DROP_ERR(&trace_rl)) {
                struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;

                ofproto_trace(ctx.ofproto, &orig_flow, ctx.xin->packet,
                              &initial_vals, &ds);
                VLOG_ERR("Trace triggered by excessive resubmit "
                         "recursion:\n%s", ds_cstr(&ds));
                ds_destroy(&ds);
            }
        }

        local_odp_port = ofp_port_to_odp_port(ctx.ofproto, OFPP_LOCAL);
        if (!connmgr_must_output_local(ctx.ofproto->up.connmgr, &ctx.xin->flow,
                                       local_odp_port,
                                       ctx.xout->odp_actions.data,
                                       ctx.xout->odp_actions.size)) {
            compose_output_action(&ctx, OFPP_LOCAL);
        }
        if (ctx.ofproto->has_mirrors) {
            add_mirror_actions(&ctx, &orig_flow);
        }
        fix_sflow_action(&ctx);
    }

    ofpbuf_uninit(&ctx.stack);
}

/* Translates the 'ofpacts_len' bytes of "struct ofpact"s starting at 'ofpacts'
 * into datapath actions, using 'ctx', and discards the datapath actions. */
static void
xlate_actions_for_side_effects(struct xlate_in *xin)
{
    struct xlate_out xout;

    xlate_actions(xin, &xout);
    xlate_out_uninit(&xout);
}

static void
xlate_report(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, const char *s)
{
    if (ctx->xin->report_hook) {
        ctx->xin->report_hook(ctx, s);
    }
}
\f
/* OFPP_NORMAL implementation. */

static struct ofport_dpif *ofbundle_get_a_port(const struct ofbundle *);

/* Given 'vid', the VID obtained from the 802.1Q header that was received as
 * part of a packet (specify 0 if there was no 802.1Q header), and 'in_bundle',
 * the bundle on which the packet was received, returns the VLAN to which the
 * packet belongs.
 *
 * Both 'vid' and the return value are in the range 0...4095. */
static uint16_t
input_vid_to_vlan(const struct ofbundle *in_bundle, uint16_t vid)
{
    switch (in_bundle->vlan_mode) {
    case PORT_VLAN_ACCESS:
        return in_bundle->vlan;
        break;

    case PORT_VLAN_TRUNK:
        return vid;

    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_UNTAGGED:
    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_TAGGED:
        return vid ? vid : in_bundle->vlan;

    default:
        NOT_REACHED();
    }
}

/* Checks whether a packet with the given 'vid' may ingress on 'in_bundle'.
 * If so, returns true.  Otherwise, returns false and, if 'warn' is true, logs
 * a warning.
 *
 * 'vid' should be the VID obtained from the 802.1Q header that was received as
 * part of a packet (specify 0 if there was no 802.1Q header), in the range
 * 0...4095. */
static bool
input_vid_is_valid(uint16_t vid, struct ofbundle *in_bundle, bool warn)
{
    /* Allow any VID on the OFPP_NONE port. */
    if (in_bundle == &ofpp_none_bundle) {
        return true;
    }

    switch (in_bundle->vlan_mode) {
    case PORT_VLAN_ACCESS:
        if (vid) {
            if (warn) {
                static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);
                VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: dropping VLAN %"PRIu16" tagged "
                             "packet received on port %s configured as VLAN "
                             "%"PRIu16" access port",
                             in_bundle->ofproto->up.name, vid,
                             in_bundle->name, in_bundle->vlan);
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;

    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_UNTAGGED:
    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_TAGGED:
        if (!vid) {
            /* Port must always carry its native VLAN. */
            return true;
        }
        /* Fall through. */
    case PORT_VLAN_TRUNK:
        if (!ofbundle_includes_vlan(in_bundle, vid)) {
            if (warn) {
                static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);
                VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: dropping VLAN %"PRIu16" packet "
                             "received on port %s not configured for trunking "
                             "VLAN %"PRIu16,
                             in_bundle->ofproto->up.name, vid,
                             in_bundle->name, vid);
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;

    default:
        NOT_REACHED();
    }

}

/* Given 'vlan', the VLAN that a packet belongs to, and
 * 'out_bundle', a bundle on which the packet is to be output, returns the VID
 * that should be included in the 802.1Q header.  (If the return value is 0,
 * then the 802.1Q header should only be included in the packet if there is a
 * nonzero PCP.)
 *
 * Both 'vlan' and the return value are in the range 0...4095. */
static uint16_t
output_vlan_to_vid(const struct ofbundle *out_bundle, uint16_t vlan)
{
    switch (out_bundle->vlan_mode) {
    case PORT_VLAN_ACCESS:
        return 0;

    case PORT_VLAN_TRUNK:
    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_TAGGED:
        return vlan;

    case PORT_VLAN_NATIVE_UNTAGGED:
        return vlan == out_bundle->vlan ? 0 : vlan;

    default:
        NOT_REACHED();
    }
}

static void
output_normal(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, const struct ofbundle *out_bundle,
              uint16_t vlan)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port;
    uint16_t vid;
    ovs_be16 tci, old_tci;

    vid = output_vlan_to_vid(out_bundle, vlan);
    if (!out_bundle->bond) {
        port = ofbundle_get_a_port(out_bundle);
    } else {
        port = bond_choose_output_slave(out_bundle->bond, &ctx->xin->flow,
                                        vid, &ctx->xout->tags);
        if (!port) {
            /* No slaves enabled, so drop packet. */
            return;
        }
    }

    old_tci = ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci;
    tci = htons(vid);
    if (tci || out_bundle->use_priority_tags) {
        tci |= ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci & htons(VLAN_PCP_MASK);
        if (tci) {
            tci |= htons(VLAN_CFI);
        }
    }
    ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci = tci;

    compose_output_action(ctx, port->up.ofp_port);
    ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci = old_tci;
}

static int
mirror_mask_ffs(mirror_mask_t mask)
{
    BUILD_ASSERT_DECL(sizeof(unsigned int) >= sizeof(mask));
    return ffs(mask);
}

static bool
ofbundle_trunks_vlan(const struct ofbundle *bundle, uint16_t vlan)
{
    return (bundle->vlan_mode != PORT_VLAN_ACCESS
            && (!bundle->trunks || bitmap_is_set(bundle->trunks, vlan)));
}

static bool
ofbundle_includes_vlan(const struct ofbundle *bundle, uint16_t vlan)
{
    return vlan == bundle->vlan || ofbundle_trunks_vlan(bundle, vlan);
}

/* Returns an arbitrary interface within 'bundle'. */
static struct ofport_dpif *
ofbundle_get_a_port(const struct ofbundle *bundle)
{
    return CONTAINER_OF(list_front(&bundle->ports),
                        struct ofport_dpif, bundle_node);
}

static bool
vlan_is_mirrored(const struct ofmirror *m, int vlan)
{
    return !m->vlans || bitmap_is_set(m->vlans, vlan);
}

static void
add_mirror_actions(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, const struct flow *orig_flow)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ctx->ofproto;
    mirror_mask_t mirrors;
    struct ofbundle *in_bundle;
    uint16_t vlan;
    uint16_t vid;
    const struct nlattr *a;
    size_t left;

    in_bundle = lookup_input_bundle(ctx->ofproto, orig_flow->in_port,
                                    ctx->xin->packet != NULL, NULL);
    if (!in_bundle) {
        return;
    }
    mirrors = in_bundle->src_mirrors;

    /* Drop frames on bundles reserved for mirroring. */
    if (in_bundle->mirror_out) {
        if (ctx->xin->packet != NULL) {
            static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: dropping packet received on port "
                         "%s, which is reserved exclusively for mirroring",
                         ctx->ofproto->up.name, in_bundle->name);
        }
        return;
    }

    /* Check VLAN. */
    vid = vlan_tci_to_vid(orig_flow->vlan_tci);
    if (!input_vid_is_valid(vid, in_bundle, ctx->xin->packet != NULL)) {
        return;
    }
    vlan = input_vid_to_vlan(in_bundle, vid);

    /* Look at the output ports to check for destination selections. */

    NL_ATTR_FOR_EACH (a, left, ctx->xout->odp_actions.data,
                      ctx->xout->odp_actions.size) {
        enum ovs_action_attr type = nl_attr_type(a);
        struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

        if (type != OVS_ACTION_ATTR_OUTPUT) {
            continue;
        }

        ofport = get_odp_port(ofproto, nl_attr_get_u32(a));
        if (ofport && ofport->bundle) {
            mirrors |= ofport->bundle->dst_mirrors;
        }
    }

    if (!mirrors) {
        return;
    }

    /* Restore the original packet before adding the mirror actions. */
    ctx->xin->flow = *orig_flow;

    while (mirrors) {
        struct ofmirror *m;

        m = ofproto->mirrors[mirror_mask_ffs(mirrors) - 1];

        if (!vlan_is_mirrored(m, vlan)) {
            mirrors = zero_rightmost_1bit(mirrors);
            continue;
        }

        mirrors &= ~m->dup_mirrors;
        ctx->xout->mirrors |= m->dup_mirrors;
        if (m->out) {
            output_normal(ctx, m->out, vlan);
        } else if (vlan != m->out_vlan
                   && !eth_addr_is_reserved(orig_flow->dl_dst)) {
            struct ofbundle *bundle;

            HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &ofproto->bundles) {
                if (ofbundle_includes_vlan(bundle, m->out_vlan)
                    && !bundle->mirror_out) {
                    output_normal(ctx, bundle, m->out_vlan);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

static void
update_mirror_stats(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, mirror_mask_t mirrors,
                    uint64_t packets, uint64_t bytes)
{
    if (!mirrors) {
        return;
    }

    for (; mirrors; mirrors = zero_rightmost_1bit(mirrors)) {
        struct ofmirror *m;

        m = ofproto->mirrors[mirror_mask_ffs(mirrors) - 1];

        if (!m) {
            /* In normal circumstances 'm' will not be NULL.  However,
             * if mirrors are reconfigured, we can temporarily get out
             * of sync in facet_revalidate().  We could "correct" the
             * mirror list before reaching here, but doing that would
             * not properly account the traffic stats we've currently
             * accumulated for previous mirror configuration. */
            continue;
        }

        m->packet_count += packets;
        m->byte_count += bytes;
    }
}

/* A VM broadcasts a gratuitous ARP to indicate that it has resumed after
 * migration.  Older Citrix-patched Linux DomU used gratuitous ARP replies to
 * indicate this; newer upstream kernels use gratuitous ARP requests. */
static bool
is_gratuitous_arp(const struct flow *flow)
{
    return (flow->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_ARP)
            && eth_addr_is_broadcast(flow->dl_dst)
            && (flow->nw_proto == ARP_OP_REPLY
                || (flow->nw_proto == ARP_OP_REQUEST
                    && flow->nw_src == flow->nw_dst)));
}

static void
update_learning_table(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                      const struct flow *flow, int vlan,
                      struct ofbundle *in_bundle)
{
    struct mac_entry *mac;

    /* Don't learn the OFPP_NONE port. */
    if (in_bundle == &ofpp_none_bundle) {
        return;
    }

    if (!mac_learning_may_learn(ofproto->ml, flow->dl_src, vlan)) {
        return;
    }

    mac = mac_learning_insert(ofproto->ml, flow->dl_src, vlan);
    if (is_gratuitous_arp(flow)) {
        /* We don't want to learn from gratuitous ARP packets that are
         * reflected back over bond slaves so we lock the learning table. */
        if (!in_bundle->bond) {
            mac_entry_set_grat_arp_lock(mac);
        } else if (mac_entry_is_grat_arp_locked(mac)) {
            return;
        }
    }

    if (mac_entry_is_new(mac) || mac->port.p != in_bundle) {
        /* The log messages here could actually be useful in debugging,
         * so keep the rate limit relatively high. */
        static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(30, 300);
        VLOG_DBG_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: learned that "ETH_ADDR_FMT" is "
                    "on port %s in VLAN %d",
                    ofproto->up.name, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(flow->dl_src),
                    in_bundle->name, vlan);

        mac->port.p = in_bundle;
        tag_set_add(&ofproto->backer->revalidate_set,
                    mac_learning_changed(ofproto->ml, mac));
    }
}

static struct ofbundle *
lookup_input_bundle(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint16_t in_port,
                    bool warn, struct ofport_dpif **in_ofportp)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport;

    /* Find the port and bundle for the received packet. */
    ofport = get_ofp_port(ofproto, in_port);
    if (in_ofportp) {
        *in_ofportp = ofport;
    }
    if (ofport && ofport->bundle) {
        return ofport->bundle;
    }

    /* Special-case OFPP_NONE, which a controller may use as the ingress
     * port for traffic that it is sourcing. */
    if (in_port == OFPP_NONE) {
        return &ofpp_none_bundle;
    }

    /* Odd.  A few possible reasons here:
     *
     * - We deleted a port but there are still a few packets queued up
     *   from it.
     *
     * - Someone externally added a port (e.g. "ovs-dpctl add-if") that
     *   we don't know about.
     *
     * - The ofproto client didn't configure the port as part of a bundle.
     *   This is particularly likely to happen if a packet was received on the
     *   port after it was created, but before the client had a chance to
     *   configure its bundle.
     */
    if (warn) {
        static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);

        VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: received packet on unknown "
                     "port %"PRIu16, ofproto->up.name, in_port);
    }
    return NULL;
}

/* Determines whether packets in 'flow' within 'ofproto' should be forwarded or
 * dropped.  Returns true if they may be forwarded, false if they should be
 * dropped.
 *
 * 'in_port' must be the ofport_dpif that corresponds to flow->in_port.
 * 'in_port' must be part of a bundle (e.g. in_port->bundle must be nonnull).
 *
 * 'vlan' must be the VLAN that corresponds to flow->vlan_tci on 'in_port', as
 * returned by input_vid_to_vlan().  It must be a valid VLAN for 'in_port', as
 * checked by input_vid_is_valid().
 *
 * May also add tags to '*tags', although the current implementation only does
 * so in one special case.
 */
static bool
is_admissible(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, struct ofport_dpif *in_port,
              uint16_t vlan)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ctx->ofproto;
    struct flow *flow = &ctx->xin->flow;
    struct ofbundle *in_bundle = in_port->bundle;

    /* Drop frames for reserved multicast addresses
     * only if forward_bpdu option is absent. */
    if (!ofproto->up.forward_bpdu && eth_addr_is_reserved(flow->dl_dst)) {
        xlate_report(ctx, "packet has reserved destination MAC, dropping");
        return false;
    }

    if (in_bundle->bond) {
        struct mac_entry *mac;

        switch (bond_check_admissibility(in_bundle->bond, in_port,
                                         flow->dl_dst, &ctx->xout->tags)) {
        case BV_ACCEPT:
            break;

        case BV_DROP:
            xlate_report(ctx, "bonding refused admissibility, dropping");
            return false;

        case BV_DROP_IF_MOVED:
            mac = mac_learning_lookup(ofproto->ml, flow->dl_src, vlan, NULL);
            if (mac && mac->port.p != in_bundle &&
                (!is_gratuitous_arp(flow)
                 || mac_entry_is_grat_arp_locked(mac))) {
                xlate_report(ctx, "SLB bond thinks this packet looped back, "
                            "dropping");
                return false;
            }
            break;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static void
xlate_normal(struct xlate_ctx *ctx)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *in_port;
    struct ofbundle *in_bundle;
    struct mac_entry *mac;
    uint16_t vlan;
    uint16_t vid;

    ctx->xout->has_normal = true;

    in_bundle = lookup_input_bundle(ctx->ofproto, ctx->xin->flow.in_port,
                                    ctx->xin->packet != NULL, &in_port);
    if (!in_bundle) {
        xlate_report(ctx, "no input bundle, dropping");
        return;
    }

    /* Drop malformed frames. */
    if (ctx->xin->flow.dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_VLAN) &&
        !(ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci & htons(VLAN_CFI))) {
        if (ctx->xin->packet != NULL) {
            static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: dropping packet with partial "
                         "VLAN tag received on port %s",
                         ctx->ofproto->up.name, in_bundle->name);
        }
        xlate_report(ctx, "partial VLAN tag, dropping");
        return;
    }

    /* Drop frames on bundles reserved for mirroring. */
    if (in_bundle->mirror_out) {
        if (ctx->xin->packet != NULL) {
            static struct vlog_rate_limit rl = VLOG_RATE_LIMIT_INIT(1, 5);
            VLOG_WARN_RL(&rl, "bridge %s: dropping packet received on port "
                         "%s, which is reserved exclusively for mirroring",
                         ctx->ofproto->up.name, in_bundle->name);
        }
        xlate_report(ctx, "input port is mirror output port, dropping");
        return;
    }

    /* Check VLAN. */
    vid = vlan_tci_to_vid(ctx->xin->flow.vlan_tci);
    if (!input_vid_is_valid(vid, in_bundle, ctx->xin->packet != NULL)) {
        xlate_report(ctx, "disallowed VLAN VID for this input port, dropping");
        return;
    }
    vlan = input_vid_to_vlan(in_bundle, vid);

    /* Check other admissibility requirements. */
    if (in_port && !is_admissible(ctx, in_port, vlan)) {
        return;
    }

    /* Learn source MAC. */
    if (ctx->xin->may_learn) {
        update_learning_table(ctx->ofproto, &ctx->xin->flow, vlan, in_bundle);
    }

    /* Determine output bundle. */
    mac = mac_learning_lookup(ctx->ofproto->ml, ctx->xin->flow.dl_dst, vlan,
                              &ctx->xout->tags);
    if (mac) {
        if (mac->port.p != in_bundle) {
            xlate_report(ctx, "forwarding to learned port");
            output_normal(ctx, mac->port.p, vlan);
        } else {
            xlate_report(ctx, "learned port is input port, dropping");
        }
    } else {
        struct ofbundle *bundle;

        xlate_report(ctx, "no learned MAC for destination, flooding");
        HMAP_FOR_EACH (bundle, hmap_node, &ctx->ofproto->bundles) {
            if (bundle != in_bundle
                && ofbundle_includes_vlan(bundle, vlan)
                && bundle->floodable
                && !bundle->mirror_out) {
                output_normal(ctx, bundle, vlan);
            }
        }
        ctx->xout->nf_output_iface = NF_OUT_FLOOD;
    }
}
\f
/* Optimized flow revalidation.
 *
 * It's a difficult problem, in general, to tell which facets need to have
 * their actions recalculated whenever the OpenFlow flow table changes.  We
 * don't try to solve that general problem: for most kinds of OpenFlow flow
 * table changes, we recalculate the actions for every facet.  This is
 * relatively expensive, but it's good enough if the OpenFlow flow table
 * doesn't change very often.
 *
 * However, we can expect one particular kind of OpenFlow flow table change to
 * happen frequently: changes caused by MAC learning.  To avoid wasting a lot
 * of CPU on revalidating every facet whenever MAC learning modifies the flow
 * table, we add a special case that applies to flow tables in which every rule
 * has the same form (that is, the same wildcards), except that the table is
 * also allowed to have a single "catch-all" flow that matches all packets.  We
 * optimize this case by tagging all of the facets that resubmit into the table
 * and invalidating the same tag whenever a flow changes in that table.  The
 * end result is that we revalidate just the facets that need it (and sometimes
 * a few more, but not all of the facets or even all of the facets that
 * resubmit to the table modified by MAC learning). */

/* Calculates the tag to use for 'flow' and mask 'mask' when it is inserted
 * into an OpenFlow table with the given 'basis'. */
static tag_type
rule_calculate_tag(const struct flow *flow, const struct minimask *mask,
                   uint32_t secret)
{
    if (minimask_is_catchall(mask)) {
        return 0;
    } else {
        uint32_t hash = flow_hash_in_minimask(flow, mask, secret);
        return tag_create_deterministic(hash);
    }
}

/* Following a change to OpenFlow table 'table_id' in 'ofproto', update the
 * taggability of that table.
 *
 * This function must be called after *each* change to a flow table.  If you
 * skip calling it on some changes then the pointer comparisons at the end can
 * be invalid if you get unlucky.  For example, if a flow removal causes a
 * cls_table to be destroyed and then a flow insertion causes a cls_table with
 * different wildcards to be created with the same address, then this function
 * will incorrectly skip revalidation. */
static void
table_update_taggable(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint8_t table_id)
{
    struct table_dpif *table = &ofproto->tables[table_id];
    const struct oftable *oftable = &ofproto->up.tables[table_id];
    struct cls_table *catchall, *other;
    struct cls_table *t;

    catchall = other = NULL;

    switch (hmap_count(&oftable->cls.tables)) {
    case 0:
        /* We could tag this OpenFlow table but it would make the logic a
         * little harder and it's a corner case that doesn't seem worth it
         * yet. */
        break;

    case 1:
    case 2:
        HMAP_FOR_EACH (t, hmap_node, &oftable->cls.tables) {
            if (cls_table_is_catchall(t)) {
                catchall = t;
            } else if (!other) {
                other = t;
            } else {
                /* Indicate that we can't tag this by setting both tables to
                 * NULL.  (We know that 'catchall' is already NULL.) */
                other = NULL;
            }
        }
        break;

    default:
        /* Can't tag this table. */
        break;
    }

    if (table->catchall_table != catchall || table->other_table != other) {
        table->catchall_table = catchall;
        table->other_table = other;
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_FLOW_TABLE;
    }
}

/* Given 'rule' that has changed in some way (either it is a rule being
 * inserted, a rule being deleted, or a rule whose actions are being
 * modified), marks facets for revalidation to ensure that packets will be
 * forwarded correctly according to the new state of the flow table.
 *
 * This function must be called after *each* change to a flow table.  See
 * the comment on table_update_taggable() for more information. */
static void
rule_invalidate(const struct rule_dpif *rule)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(rule->up.ofproto);

    table_update_taggable(ofproto, rule->up.table_id);

    if (!ofproto->backer->need_revalidate) {
        struct table_dpif *table = &ofproto->tables[rule->up.table_id];

        if (table->other_table && rule->tag) {
            tag_set_add(&ofproto->backer->revalidate_set, rule->tag);
        } else {
            ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_FLOW_TABLE;
        }
    }
}
\f
static bool
set_frag_handling(struct ofproto *ofproto_,
                  enum ofp_config_flags frag_handling)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    if (frag_handling != OFPC_FRAG_REASM) {
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;
        return true;
    } else {
        return false;
    }
}

static enum ofperr
packet_out(struct ofproto *ofproto_, struct ofpbuf *packet,
           const struct flow *flow,
           const struct ofpact *ofpacts, size_t ofpacts_len)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);
    struct initial_vals initial_vals;
    struct odputil_keybuf keybuf;
    struct dpif_flow_stats stats;
    struct xlate_out xout;
    struct xlate_in xin;
    struct ofpbuf key;


    ofpbuf_use_stack(&key, &keybuf, sizeof keybuf);
    odp_flow_key_from_flow(&key, flow,
                           ofp_port_to_odp_port(ofproto, flow->in_port));

    dpif_flow_stats_extract(flow, packet, time_msec(), &stats);

    initial_vals.vlan_tci = flow->vlan_tci;
    xlate_in_init(&xin, ofproto, flow, &initial_vals, NULL, stats.tcp_flags,
                  packet);
    xin.resubmit_stats = &stats;
    xin.ofpacts_len = ofpacts_len;
    xin.ofpacts = ofpacts;

    xlate_actions(&xin, &xout);
    dpif_execute(ofproto->backer->dpif, key.data, key.size,
                 xout.odp_actions.data, xout.odp_actions.size, packet);
    xlate_out_uninit(&xout);

    return 0;
}
\f
/* NetFlow. */

static int
set_netflow(struct ofproto *ofproto_,
            const struct netflow_options *netflow_options)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);

    if (netflow_options) {
        if (!ofproto->netflow) {
            ofproto->netflow = netflow_create();
        }
        return netflow_set_options(ofproto->netflow, netflow_options);
    } else {
        netflow_destroy(ofproto->netflow);
        ofproto->netflow = NULL;
        return 0;
    }
}

static void
get_netflow_ids(const struct ofproto *ofproto_,
                uint8_t *engine_type, uint8_t *engine_id)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofproto_);

    dpif_get_netflow_ids(ofproto->backer->dpif, engine_type, engine_id);
}

static void
send_active_timeout(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, struct facet *facet)
{
    if (!facet_is_controller_flow(facet) &&
        netflow_active_timeout_expired(ofproto->netflow, &facet->nf_flow)) {
        struct subfacet *subfacet;
        struct ofexpired expired;

        LIST_FOR_EACH (subfacet, list_node, &facet->subfacets) {
            if (subfacet->path == SF_FAST_PATH) {
                struct dpif_flow_stats stats;

                subfacet_install(subfacet, &facet->xout.odp_actions, &stats);
                subfacet_update_stats(subfacet, &stats);
            }
        }

        expired.flow = facet->flow;
        expired.packet_count = facet->packet_count;
        expired.byte_count = facet->byte_count;
        expired.used = facet->used;
        netflow_expire(ofproto->netflow, &facet->nf_flow, &expired);
    }
}

static void
send_netflow_active_timeouts(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto)
{
    struct facet *facet;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (facet, hmap_node, &ofproto->facets) {
        send_active_timeout(ofproto, facet);
    }
}
\f
static struct ofproto_dpif *
ofproto_dpif_lookup(const char *name)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node,
                             hash_string(name, 0), &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        if (!strcmp(ofproto->up.name, name)) {
            return ofproto;
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_fdb_flush(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc,
                          const char *argv[], void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    if (argc > 1) {
        ofproto = ofproto_dpif_lookup(argv[1]);
        if (!ofproto) {
            unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "no such bridge");
            return;
        }
        mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml, &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);
    } else {
        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
            mac_learning_flush(ofproto->ml, &ofproto->backer->revalidate_set);
        }
    }

    unixctl_command_reply(conn, "table successfully flushed");
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_fdb_show(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                         const char *argv[], void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    const struct mac_entry *e;

    ofproto = ofproto_dpif_lookup(argv[1]);
    if (!ofproto) {
        unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "no such bridge");
        return;
    }

    ds_put_cstr(&ds, " port  VLAN  MAC                Age\n");
    LIST_FOR_EACH (e, lru_node, &ofproto->ml->lrus) {
        struct ofbundle *bundle = e->port.p;
        ds_put_format(&ds, "%5d  %4d  "ETH_ADDR_FMT"  %3d\n",
                      ofbundle_get_a_port(bundle)->odp_port,
                      e->vlan, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(e->mac),
                      mac_entry_age(ofproto->ml, e));
    }
    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&ds));
    ds_destroy(&ds);
}

struct trace_ctx {
    struct xlate_out xout;
    struct xlate_in xin;
    struct flow flow;
    struct ds *result;
};

static void
trace_format_rule(struct ds *result, uint8_t table_id, int level,
                  const struct rule_dpif *rule)
{
    ds_put_char_multiple(result, '\t', level);
    if (!rule) {
        ds_put_cstr(result, "No match\n");
        return;
    }

    ds_put_format(result, "Rule: table=%"PRIu8" cookie=%#"PRIx64" ",
                  table_id, ntohll(rule->up.flow_cookie));
    cls_rule_format(&rule->up.cr, result);
    ds_put_char(result, '\n');

    ds_put_char_multiple(result, '\t', level);
    ds_put_cstr(result, "OpenFlow ");
    ofpacts_format(rule->up.ofpacts, rule->up.ofpacts_len, result);
    ds_put_char(result, '\n');
}

static void
trace_format_flow(struct ds *result, int level, const char *title,
                  struct trace_ctx *trace)
{
    ds_put_char_multiple(result, '\t', level);
    ds_put_format(result, "%s: ", title);
    if (flow_equal(&trace->xin.flow, &trace->flow)) {
        ds_put_cstr(result, "unchanged");
    } else {
        flow_format(result, &trace->xin.flow);
        trace->flow = trace->xin.flow;
    }
    ds_put_char(result, '\n');
}

static void
trace_format_regs(struct ds *result, int level, const char *title,
                  struct trace_ctx *trace)
{
    size_t i;

    ds_put_char_multiple(result, '\t', level);
    ds_put_format(result, "%s:", title);
    for (i = 0; i < FLOW_N_REGS; i++) {
        ds_put_format(result, " reg%zu=0x%"PRIx32, i, trace->flow.regs[i]);
    }
    ds_put_char(result, '\n');
}

static void
trace_format_odp(struct ds *result, int level, const char *title,
                 struct trace_ctx *trace)
{
    struct ofpbuf *odp_actions = &trace->xout.odp_actions;

    ds_put_char_multiple(result, '\t', level);
    ds_put_format(result, "%s: ", title);
    format_odp_actions(result, odp_actions->data, odp_actions->size);
    ds_put_char(result, '\n');
}

static void
trace_resubmit(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, struct rule_dpif *rule)
{
    struct trace_ctx *trace = CONTAINER_OF(ctx->xin, struct trace_ctx, xin);
    struct ds *result = trace->result;

    ds_put_char(result, '\n');
    trace_format_flow(result, ctx->recurse + 1, "Resubmitted flow", trace);
    trace_format_regs(result, ctx->recurse + 1, "Resubmitted regs", trace);
    trace_format_odp(result,  ctx->recurse + 1, "Resubmitted  odp", trace);
    trace_format_rule(result, ctx->table_id, ctx->recurse + 1, rule);
}

static void
trace_report(struct xlate_ctx *ctx, const char *s)
{
    struct trace_ctx *trace = CONTAINER_OF(ctx->xin, struct trace_ctx, xin);
    struct ds *result = trace->result;

    ds_put_char_multiple(result, '\t', ctx->recurse);
    ds_put_cstr(result, s);
    ds_put_char(result, '\n');
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_trace(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc, const char *argv[],
                      void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    const struct dpif_backer *backer;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    struct ofpbuf odp_key;
    struct ofpbuf *packet;
    struct initial_vals initial_vals;
    struct ds result;
    struct flow flow;
    char *s;

    packet = NULL;
    backer = NULL;
    ds_init(&result);
    ofpbuf_init(&odp_key, 0);

    /* Handle "-generate" or a hex string as the last argument. */
    if (!strcmp(argv[argc - 1], "-generate")) {
        packet = ofpbuf_new(0);
        argc--;
    } else {
        const char *error = eth_from_hex(argv[argc - 1], &packet);
        if (!error) {
            argc--;
        } else if (argc == 4) {
            /* The 3-argument form must end in "-generate' or a hex string. */
            unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, error);
            goto exit;
        }
    }

    /* Parse the flow and determine whether a datapath or
     * bridge is specified. If function odp_flow_key_from_string()
     * returns 0, the flow is a odp_flow. If function
     * parse_ofp_exact_flow() returns 0, the flow is a br_flow. */
    if (!odp_flow_key_from_string(argv[argc - 1], NULL, &odp_key)) {
        /* If the odp_flow is the second argument,
         * the datapath name is the first argument. */
        if (argc == 3) {
            const char *dp_type;
            if (!strncmp(argv[1], "ovs-", 4)) {
                dp_type = argv[1] + 4;
            } else {
                dp_type = argv[1];
            }
            backer = shash_find_data(&all_dpif_backers, dp_type);
            if (!backer) {
                unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Cannot find datapath "
                               "of this name");
                goto exit;
            }
        } else {
            /* No datapath name specified, so there should be only one
             * datapath. */
            struct shash_node *node;
            if (shash_count(&all_dpif_backers) != 1) {
                unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Must specify datapath "
                         "name, there is more than one type of datapath");
                goto exit;
            }
            node = shash_first(&all_dpif_backers);
            backer = node->data;
        }

        /* Extract the ofproto_dpif object from the ofproto_receive()
         * function. */
        if (ofproto_receive(backer, NULL, odp_key.data,
                            odp_key.size, &flow, NULL, &ofproto, NULL,
                            &initial_vals)) {
            unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Invalid datapath flow");
            goto exit;
        }
        ds_put_format(&result, "Bridge: %s\n", ofproto->up.name);
    } else if (!parse_ofp_exact_flow(&flow, argv[argc - 1])) {
        if (argc != 3) {
            unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Must specify bridge name");
            goto exit;
        }

        ofproto = ofproto_dpif_lookup(argv[1]);
        if (!ofproto) {
            unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Unknown bridge name");
            goto exit;
        }
        initial_vals.vlan_tci = flow.vlan_tci;
    } else {
        unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Bad flow syntax");
        goto exit;
    }

    /* Generate a packet, if requested. */
    if (packet) {
        if (!packet->size) {
            flow_compose(packet, &flow);
        } else {
            ds_put_cstr(&result, "Packet: ");
            s = ofp_packet_to_string(packet->data, packet->size);
            ds_put_cstr(&result, s);
            free(s);

            /* Use the metadata from the flow and the packet argument
             * to reconstruct the flow. */
            flow_extract(packet, flow.skb_priority, flow.skb_mark, NULL,
                         flow.in_port, &flow);
            initial_vals.vlan_tci = flow.vlan_tci;
        }
    }

    ofproto_trace(ofproto, &flow, packet, &initial_vals, &result);
    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&result));

exit:
    ds_destroy(&result);
    ofpbuf_delete(packet);
    ofpbuf_uninit(&odp_key);
}

static void
ofproto_trace(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, const struct flow *flow,
              const struct ofpbuf *packet,
              const struct initial_vals *initial_vals, struct ds *ds)
{
    struct rule_dpif *rule;

    ds_put_cstr(ds, "Flow: ");
    flow_format(ds, flow);
    ds_put_char(ds, '\n');

    rule = rule_dpif_lookup(ofproto, flow);

    trace_format_rule(ds, 0, 0, rule);
    if (rule == ofproto->miss_rule) {
        ds_put_cstr(ds, "\nNo match, flow generates \"packet in\"s.\n");
    } else if (rule == ofproto->no_packet_in_rule) {
        ds_put_cstr(ds, "\nNo match, packets dropped because "
                    "OFPPC_NO_PACKET_IN is set on in_port.\n");
    } else if (rule == ofproto->drop_frags_rule) {
        ds_put_cstr(ds, "\nPackets dropped because they are IP fragments "
                    "and the fragment handling mode is \"drop\".\n");
    }

    if (rule) {
        uint64_t odp_actions_stub[1024 / 8];
        struct ofpbuf odp_actions;

        struct trace_ctx trace;
        uint8_t tcp_flags;

        tcp_flags = packet ? packet_get_tcp_flags(packet, flow) : 0;
        trace.result = ds;
        trace.flow = *flow;
        ofpbuf_use_stub(&odp_actions,
                        odp_actions_stub, sizeof odp_actions_stub);
        xlate_in_init(&trace.xin, ofproto, flow, initial_vals, rule, tcp_flags,
                      packet);
        trace.xin.resubmit_hook = trace_resubmit;
        trace.xin.report_hook = trace_report;
        xlate_actions(&trace.xin, &trace.xout);

        ds_put_char(ds, '\n');
        trace_format_flow(ds, 0, "Final flow", &trace);
        ds_put_cstr(ds, "Datapath actions: ");
        format_odp_actions(ds, trace.xout.odp_actions.data,
                           trace.xout.odp_actions.size);

        if (trace.xout.slow) {
            ds_put_cstr(ds, "\nThis flow is handled by the userspace "
                        "slow path because it:");
            switch (trace.xout.slow) {
            case SLOW_CFM:
                ds_put_cstr(ds, "\n\t- Consists of CFM packets.");
                break;
            case SLOW_LACP:
                ds_put_cstr(ds, "\n\t- Consists of LACP packets.");
                break;
            case SLOW_STP:
                ds_put_cstr(ds, "\n\t- Consists of STP packets.");
                break;
            case SLOW_BFD:
                ds_put_cstr(ds, "\n\t- Consists of BFD packets.");
                break;
            case SLOW_CONTROLLER:
                ds_put_cstr(ds, "\n\t- Sends \"packet-in\" messages "
                            "to the OpenFlow controller.");
                break;
            case __SLOW_MAX:
                NOT_REACHED();
            }
        }

        xlate_out_uninit(&trace.xout);
    }
}

static void
ofproto_dpif_clog(struct unixctl_conn *conn OVS_UNUSED, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                  const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    clogged = true;
    unixctl_command_reply(conn, NULL);
}

static void
ofproto_dpif_unclog(struct unixctl_conn *conn OVS_UNUSED, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                    const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    clogged = false;
    unixctl_command_reply(conn, NULL);
}

/* Runs a self-check of flow translations in 'ofproto'.  Appends a message to
 * 'reply' describing the results. */
static void
ofproto_dpif_self_check__(struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, struct ds *reply)
{
    struct facet *facet;
    int errors;

    errors = 0;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (facet, hmap_node, &ofproto->facets) {
        if (!facet_check_consistency(facet)) {
            errors++;
        }
    }
    if (errors) {
        ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_INCONSISTENCY;
    }

    if (errors) {
        ds_put_format(reply, "%s: self-check failed (%d errors)\n",
                      ofproto->up.name, errors);
    } else {
        ds_put_format(reply, "%s: self-check passed\n", ofproto->up.name);
    }
}

static void
ofproto_dpif_self_check(struct unixctl_conn *conn,
                        int argc, const char *argv[], void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ds reply = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    if (argc > 1) {
        ofproto = ofproto_dpif_lookup(argv[1]);
        if (!ofproto) {
            unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "Unknown ofproto (use "
                                        "ofproto/list for help)");
            return;
        }
        ofproto_dpif_self_check__(ofproto, &reply);
    } else {
        HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
            ofproto_dpif_self_check__(ofproto, &reply);
        }
    }

    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&reply));
    ds_destroy(&reply);
}

/* Store the current ofprotos in 'ofproto_shash'.  Returns a sorted list
 * of the 'ofproto_shash' nodes.  It is the responsibility of the caller
 * to destroy 'ofproto_shash' and free the returned value. */
static const struct shash_node **
get_ofprotos(struct shash *ofproto_shash)
{
    const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        char *name = xasprintf("%s@%s", ofproto->up.type, ofproto->up.name);
        shash_add_nocopy(ofproto_shash, name, ofproto);
    }

    return shash_sort(ofproto_shash);
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_dpif_dump_dps(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                              const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED,
                              void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    struct shash ofproto_shash;
    const struct shash_node **sorted_ofprotos;
    int i;

    shash_init(&ofproto_shash);
    sorted_ofprotos = get_ofprotos(&ofproto_shash);
    for (i = 0; i < shash_count(&ofproto_shash); i++) {
        const struct shash_node *node = sorted_ofprotos[i];
        ds_put_format(&ds, "%s\n", node->name);
    }

    shash_destroy(&ofproto_shash);
    free(sorted_ofprotos);

    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&ds));
    ds_destroy(&ds);
}

static void
show_dp_rates(struct ds *ds, const char *heading,
              const struct avg_subfacet_rates *rates)
{
    ds_put_format(ds, "%s add rate: %5.3f/min, del rate: %5.3f/min\n",
                  heading, rates->add_rate, rates->del_rate);
}

static void
dpif_show_backer(const struct dpif_backer *backer, struct ds *ds)
{
    const struct shash_node **ofprotos;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    struct shash ofproto_shash;
    uint64_t n_hit, n_missed;
    long long int minutes;
    size_t i;

    n_hit = n_missed = 0;
    HMAP_FOR_EACH (ofproto, all_ofproto_dpifs_node, &all_ofproto_dpifs) {
        if (ofproto->backer == backer) {
            n_missed += ofproto->n_missed;
            n_hit += ofproto->n_hit;
        }
    }

    ds_put_format(ds, "%s: hit:%"PRIu64" missed:%"PRIu64"\n",
                  dpif_name(backer->dpif), n_hit, n_missed);
    ds_put_format(ds, "\tflows: cur: %zu, avg: %u, max: %u,"
                  " life span: %lldms\n", hmap_count(&backer->subfacets),
                  backer->avg_n_subfacet, backer->max_n_subfacet,
                  backer->avg_subfacet_life);

    minutes = (time_msec() - backer->created) / (1000 * 60);
    if (minutes >= 60) {
        show_dp_rates(ds, "\thourly avg:", &backer->hourly);
    }
    if (minutes >= 60 * 24) {
        show_dp_rates(ds, "\tdaily avg:",  &backer->daily);
    }
    show_dp_rates(ds, "\toverall avg:",  &backer->lifetime);

    shash_init(&ofproto_shash);
    ofprotos = get_ofprotos(&ofproto_shash);
    for (i = 0; i < shash_count(&ofproto_shash); i++) {
        struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofprotos[i]->data;
        const struct shash_node **ports;
        size_t j;

        if (ofproto->backer != backer) {
            continue;
        }

        ds_put_format(ds, "\t%s: hit:%"PRIu64" missed:%"PRIu64"\n",
                      ofproto->up.name, ofproto->n_hit, ofproto->n_missed);

        ports = shash_sort(&ofproto->up.port_by_name);
        for (j = 0; j < shash_count(&ofproto->up.port_by_name); j++) {
            const struct shash_node *node = ports[j];
            struct ofport *ofport = node->data;
            struct smap config;
            uint32_t odp_port;

            ds_put_format(ds, "\t\t%s %u/", netdev_get_name(ofport->netdev),
                          ofport->ofp_port);

            odp_port = ofp_port_to_odp_port(ofproto, ofport->ofp_port);
            if (odp_port != OVSP_NONE) {
                ds_put_format(ds, "%"PRIu32":", odp_port);
            } else {
                ds_put_cstr(ds, "none:");
            }

            ds_put_format(ds, " (%s", netdev_get_type(ofport->netdev));

            smap_init(&config);
            if (!netdev_get_config(ofport->netdev, &config)) {
                const struct smap_node **nodes;
                size_t i;

                nodes = smap_sort(&config);
                for (i = 0; i < smap_count(&config); i++) {
                    const struct smap_node *node = nodes[i];
                    ds_put_format(ds, "%c %s=%s", i ? ',' : ':',
                                  node->key, node->value);
                }
                free(nodes);
            }
            smap_destroy(&config);

            ds_put_char(ds, ')');
            ds_put_char(ds, '\n');
        }
        free(ports);
    }
    shash_destroy(&ofproto_shash);
    free(ofprotos);
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_dpif_show(struct unixctl_conn *conn, int argc OVS_UNUSED,
                          const char *argv[] OVS_UNUSED, void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    const struct shash_node **backers;
    int i;

    backers = shash_sort(&all_dpif_backers);
    for (i = 0; i < shash_count(&all_dpif_backers); i++) {
        dpif_show_backer(backers[i]->data, &ds);
    }
    free(backers);

    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&ds));
    ds_destroy(&ds);
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_dpif_dump_flows(struct unixctl_conn *conn,
                                int argc OVS_UNUSED, const char *argv[],
                                void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;
    struct subfacet *subfacet;

    ofproto = ofproto_dpif_lookup(argv[1]);
    if (!ofproto) {
        unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "no such bridge");
        return;
    }

    update_stats(ofproto->backer);

    HMAP_FOR_EACH (subfacet, hmap_node, &ofproto->backer->subfacets) {
        struct facet *facet = subfacet->facet;

        if (ofproto_dpif_cast(facet->rule->up.ofproto) != ofproto) {
            continue;
        }

        odp_flow_key_format(subfacet->key, subfacet->key_len, &ds);

        ds_put_format(&ds, ", packets:%"PRIu64", bytes:%"PRIu64", used:",
                      subfacet->dp_packet_count, subfacet->dp_byte_count);
        if (subfacet->used) {
            ds_put_format(&ds, "%.3fs",
                          (time_msec() - subfacet->used) / 1000.0);
        } else {
            ds_put_format(&ds, "never");
        }
        if (subfacet->facet->tcp_flags) {
            ds_put_cstr(&ds, ", flags:");
            packet_format_tcp_flags(&ds, subfacet->facet->tcp_flags);
        }

        ds_put_cstr(&ds, ", actions:");
        if (facet->xout.slow) {
            uint64_t slow_path_stub[128 / 8];
            const struct nlattr *actions;
            size_t actions_len;

            compose_slow_path(ofproto, &facet->flow, facet->xout.slow,
                              slow_path_stub, sizeof slow_path_stub,
                              &actions, &actions_len);
            format_odp_actions(&ds, actions, actions_len);
        } else {
            format_odp_actions(&ds, facet->xout.odp_actions.data,
                               facet->xout.odp_actions.size);
        }
        ds_put_char(&ds, '\n');
    }

    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&ds));
    ds_destroy(&ds);
}

static void
ofproto_unixctl_dpif_del_flows(struct unixctl_conn *conn,
                               int argc OVS_UNUSED, const char *argv[],
                               void *aux OVS_UNUSED)
{
    struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto;

    ofproto = ofproto_dpif_lookup(argv[1]);
    if (!ofproto) {
        unixctl_command_reply_error(conn, "no such bridge");
        return;
    }

    flush(&ofproto->up);

    unixctl_command_reply(conn, ds_cstr(&ds));
    ds_destroy(&ds);
}

static void
ofproto_dpif_unixctl_init(void)
{
    static bool registered;
    if (registered) {
        return;
    }
    registered = true;

    unixctl_command_register(
        "ofproto/trace",
        "[dp_name]|bridge odp_flow|br_flow [-generate|packet]",
        1, 3, ofproto_unixctl_trace, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("fdb/flush", "[bridge]", 0, 1,
                             ofproto_unixctl_fdb_flush, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("fdb/show", "bridge", 1, 1,
                             ofproto_unixctl_fdb_show, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("ofproto/clog", "", 0, 0,
                             ofproto_dpif_clog, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("ofproto/unclog", "", 0, 0,
                             ofproto_dpif_unclog, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("ofproto/self-check", "[bridge]", 0, 1,
                             ofproto_dpif_self_check, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("dpif/dump-dps", "", 0, 0,
                             ofproto_unixctl_dpif_dump_dps, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("dpif/show", "", 0, 0, ofproto_unixctl_dpif_show,
                             NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("dpif/dump-flows", "bridge", 1, 1,
                             ofproto_unixctl_dpif_dump_flows, NULL);
    unixctl_command_register("dpif/del-flows", "bridge", 1, 1,
                             ofproto_unixctl_dpif_del_flows, NULL);
}
\f
/* Linux VLAN device support (e.g. "eth0.10" for VLAN 10.)
 *
 * This is deprecated.  It is only for compatibility with broken device drivers
 * in old versions of Linux that do not properly support VLANs when VLAN
 * devices are not used.  When broken device drivers are no longer in
 * widespread use, we will delete these interfaces. */

static int
set_realdev(struct ofport *ofport_, uint16_t realdev_ofp_port, int vid)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(ofport_->ofproto);
    struct ofport_dpif *ofport = ofport_dpif_cast(ofport_);

    if (realdev_ofp_port == ofport->realdev_ofp_port
        && vid == ofport->vlandev_vid) {
        return 0;
    }

    ofproto->backer->need_revalidate = REV_RECONFIGURE;

    if (ofport->realdev_ofp_port) {
        vsp_remove(ofport);
    }
    if (realdev_ofp_port && ofport->bundle) {
        /* vlandevs are enslaved to their realdevs, so they are not allowed to
         * themselves be part of a bundle. */
        bundle_set(ofport->up.ofproto, ofport->bundle, NULL);
    }

    ofport->realdev_ofp_port = realdev_ofp_port;
    ofport->vlandev_vid = vid;

    if (realdev_ofp_port) {
        vsp_add(ofport, realdev_ofp_port, vid);
    }

    return 0;
}

static uint32_t
hash_realdev_vid(uint16_t realdev_ofp_port, int vid)
{
    return hash_2words(realdev_ofp_port, vid);
}

/* Returns the OFP port number of the Linux VLAN device that corresponds to
 * 'vlan_tci' on the network device with port number 'realdev_ofp_port' in
 * 'struct ofport_dpif'.  For example, given 'realdev_ofp_port' of eth0 and
 * 'vlan_tci' 9, it would return the port number of eth0.9.
 *
 * Unless VLAN splinters are enabled for port 'realdev_ofp_port', this
 * function just returns its 'realdev_ofp_port' argument. */
static uint16_t
vsp_realdev_to_vlandev(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                       uint16_t realdev_ofp_port, ovs_be16 vlan_tci)
{
    if (!hmap_is_empty(&ofproto->realdev_vid_map)) {
        int vid = vlan_tci_to_vid(vlan_tci);
        const struct vlan_splinter *vsp;

        HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (vsp, realdev_vid_node,
                                 hash_realdev_vid(realdev_ofp_port, vid),
                                 &ofproto->realdev_vid_map) {
            if (vsp->realdev_ofp_port == realdev_ofp_port
                && vsp->vid == vid) {
                return vsp->vlandev_ofp_port;
            }
        }
    }
    return realdev_ofp_port;
}

static struct vlan_splinter *
vlandev_find(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint16_t vlandev_ofp_port)
{
    struct vlan_splinter *vsp;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_WITH_HASH (vsp, vlandev_node, hash_int(vlandev_ofp_port, 0),
                             &ofproto->vlandev_map) {
        if (vsp->vlandev_ofp_port == vlandev_ofp_port) {
            return vsp;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

/* Returns the OpenFlow port number of the "real" device underlying the Linux
 * VLAN device with OpenFlow port number 'vlandev_ofp_port' and stores the
 * VLAN VID of the Linux VLAN device in '*vid'.  For example, given
 * 'vlandev_ofp_port' of eth0.9, it would return the OpenFlow port number of
 * eth0 and store 9 in '*vid'.
 *
 * Returns 0 and does not modify '*vid' if 'vlandev_ofp_port' is not a Linux
 * VLAN device.  Unless VLAN splinters are enabled, this is what this function
 * always does.*/
static uint16_t
vsp_vlandev_to_realdev(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto,
                       uint16_t vlandev_ofp_port, int *vid)
{
    if (!hmap_is_empty(&ofproto->vlandev_map)) {
        const struct vlan_splinter *vsp;

        vsp = vlandev_find(ofproto, vlandev_ofp_port);
        if (vsp) {
            if (vid) {
                *vid = vsp->vid;
            }
            return vsp->realdev_ofp_port;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Given 'flow', a flow representing a packet received on 'ofproto', checks
 * whether 'flow->in_port' represents a Linux VLAN device.  If so, changes
 * 'flow->in_port' to the "real" device backing the VLAN device, sets
 * 'flow->vlan_tci' to the VLAN VID, and returns true.  Otherwise (which is
 * always the case unless VLAN splinters are enabled), returns false without
 * making any changes. */
static bool
vsp_adjust_flow(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, struct flow *flow)
{
    uint16_t realdev;
    int vid;

    realdev = vsp_vlandev_to_realdev(ofproto, flow->in_port, &vid);
    if (!realdev) {
        return false;
    }

    /* Cause the flow to be processed as if it came in on the real device with
     * the VLAN device's VLAN ID. */
    flow->in_port = realdev;
    flow->vlan_tci = htons((vid & VLAN_VID_MASK) | VLAN_CFI);
    return true;
}

static void
vsp_remove(struct ofport_dpif *port)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto);
    struct vlan_splinter *vsp;

    vsp = vlandev_find(ofproto, port->up.ofp_port);
    if (vsp) {
        hmap_remove(&ofproto->vlandev_map, &vsp->vlandev_node);
        hmap_remove(&ofproto->realdev_vid_map, &vsp->realdev_vid_node);
        free(vsp);

        port->realdev_ofp_port = 0;
    } else {
        VLOG_ERR("missing vlan device record");
    }
}

static void
vsp_add(struct ofport_dpif *port, uint16_t realdev_ofp_port, int vid)
{
    struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto = ofproto_dpif_cast(port->up.ofproto);

    if (!vsp_vlandev_to_realdev(ofproto, port->up.ofp_port, NULL)
        && (vsp_realdev_to_vlandev(ofproto, realdev_ofp_port, htons(vid))
            == realdev_ofp_port)) {
        struct vlan_splinter *vsp;

        vsp = xmalloc(sizeof *vsp);
        hmap_insert(&ofproto->vlandev_map, &vsp->vlandev_node,
                    hash_int(port->up.ofp_port, 0));
        hmap_insert(&ofproto->realdev_vid_map, &vsp->realdev_vid_node,
                    hash_realdev_vid(realdev_ofp_port, vid));
        vsp->realdev_ofp_port = realdev_ofp_port;
        vsp->vlandev_ofp_port = port->up.ofp_port;
        vsp->vid = vid;

        port->realdev_ofp_port = realdev_ofp_port;
    } else {
        VLOG_ERR("duplicate vlan device record");
    }
}

static uint32_t
ofp_port_to_odp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint16_t ofp_port)
{
    const struct ofport_dpif *ofport = get_ofp_port(ofproto, ofp_port);
    return ofport ? ofport->odp_port : OVSP_NONE;
}

static struct ofport_dpif *
odp_port_to_ofport(const struct dpif_backer *backer, uint32_t odp_port)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port;

    HMAP_FOR_EACH_IN_BUCKET (port, odp_port_node,
                             hash_int(odp_port, 0),
                             &backer->odp_to_ofport_map) {
        if (port->odp_port == odp_port) {
            return port;
        }
    }

    return NULL;
}

static uint16_t
odp_port_to_ofp_port(const struct ofproto_dpif *ofproto, uint32_t odp_port)
{
    struct ofport_dpif *port;

    port = odp_port_to_ofport(ofproto->backer, odp_port);
    if (port && &ofproto->up == port->up.ofproto) {
        return port->up.ofp_port;
    } else {
        return OFPP_NONE;
    }
}

/* Compute exponentially weighted moving average, adding 'new' as the newest,
 * most heavily weighted element.  'base' designates the rate of decay: after
 * 'base' further updates, 'new''s weight in the EWMA decays to about 1/e
 * (about .37). */
static void
exp_mavg(double *avg, int base, double new)
{
    *avg = (*avg * (base - 1) + new) / base;
}

static void
update_moving_averages(struct dpif_backer *backer)
{
    const int min_ms = 60 * 1000; /* milliseconds in one minute. */
    long long int minutes = (time_msec() - backer->created) / min_ms;

    if (minutes > 0) {
        backer->lifetime.add_rate = (double) backer->total_subfacet_add_count
            / minutes;
        backer->lifetime.del_rate = (double) backer->total_subfacet_del_count
            / minutes;
    } else {
        backer->lifetime.add_rate = 0.0;
        backer->lifetime.del_rate = 0.0;
    }

    /* Update hourly averages on the minute boundaries. */
    if (time_msec() - backer->last_minute >= min_ms) {
        exp_mavg(&backer->hourly.add_rate, 60, backer->subfacet_add_count);
        exp_mavg(&backer->hourly.del_rate, 60, backer->subfacet_del_count);

        /* Update daily averages on the hour boundaries. */
        if ((backer->last_minute - backer->created) / min_ms % 60 == 59) {
            exp_mavg(&backer->daily.add_rate, 24, backer->hourly.add_rate);
            exp_mavg(&backer->daily.del_rate, 24, backer->hourly.del_rate);
        }

        backer->total_subfacet_add_count += backer->subfacet_add_count;
        backer->total_subfacet_del_count += backer->subfacet_del_count;
        backer->subfacet_add_count = 0;
        backer->subfacet_del_count = 0;
        backer->last_minute += min_ms;
    }
}

const struct ofproto_class ofproto_dpif_class = {
    init,
    enumerate_types,
    enumerate_names,
    del,
    port_open_type,
    type_run,
    type_run_fast,
    type_wait,
    alloc,
    construct,
    destruct,
    dealloc,
    run,
    run_fast,
    wait,
    get_memory_usage,
    flush,
    get_features,
    get_tables,
    port_alloc,
    port_construct,
    port_destruct,
    port_dealloc,
    port_modified,
    port_reconfigured,
    port_query_by_name,
    port_add,
    port_del,
    port_get_stats,
    port_dump_start,
    port_dump_next,
    port_dump_done,
    port_poll,
    port_poll_wait,
    port_is_lacp_current,
    NULL,                       /* rule_choose_table */
    rule_alloc,
    rule_construct,
    rule_destruct,
    rule_dealloc,
    rule_get_stats,
    rule_execute,
    rule_modify_actions,
    set_frag_handling,
    packet_out,
    set_netflow,
    get_netflow_ids,
    set_sflow,
    set_ipfix,
    set_cfm,
    get_cfm_status,
    set_bfd,
    get_bfd_status,
    set_stp,
    get_stp_status,
    set_stp_port,
    get_stp_port_status,
    set_queues,
    bundle_set,
    bundle_remove,
    mirror_set,
    mirror_get_stats,
    set_flood_vlans,
    is_mirror_output_bundle,
    forward_bpdu_changed,
    set_mac_table_config,
    set_realdev,
};