- Linux kernel release 2.6.xx
+ Linux kernel release 2.6.xx <http://kernel.org>
These are the release notes for Linux version 2.6. Read them carefully,
as they tell you what this is all about, explain how to install the
WHAT IS LINUX?
- Linux is a Unix clone written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with
- assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net.
- It aims towards POSIX compliance.
+ Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix, written from scratch by
+ Linus Torvalds with assistance from a loosely-knit team of hackers across
+ the Net. It aims towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliance.
- It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged
- Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries,
- demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory
- management and TCP/IP networking.
+ It has all the features you would expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix,
+ including true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand
+ loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management,
+ and multistack networking including IPv4 and IPv6.
It is distributed under the GNU General Public License - see the
accompanying COPYING file for more details.
ON WHAT HARDWARE DOES IT RUN?
- Linux was first developed for 386/486-based PCs. These days it also
- runs on ARMs, DEC Alphas, SUN Sparcs, M68000 machines (like Atari and
- Amiga), MIPS and PowerPC, and others.
+ Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher),
+ today Linux also runs on (at least) the Compaq Alpha AXP, Sun SPARC and
+ UltraSPARC, Motorola 68000, PowerPC, PowerPC64, ARM, Hitachi SuperH,
+ IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, DEC VAX, AMD x86-64, AXIS CRIS,
+ and Renesas M32R architectures.
+
+ Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit architectures
+ as long as they have a paged memory management unit (PMMU) and a port of the
+ GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC). Linux has
+ also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU, although
+ functionality is then obviously somewhat limited.
DOCUMENTATION:
- There are various README files in the Documentation/ subdirectory:
these typically contain kernel-specific installation notes for some
- drivers for example. See ./Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what
+ drivers for example. See Documentation/00-INDEX for a list of what
is contained in each file. Please read the Changes file, as it
contains information about the problems, which may result by upgrading
your kernel.
gzip -cd linux-2.6.XX.tar.gz | tar xvf -
+ or
+ bzip2 -dc linux-2.6.XX.tar.bz2 | tar xvf -
+
+
Replace "XX" with the version number of the latest kernel.
Do NOT use the /usr/src/linux area! This area has a (usually
whatever the kernel-du-jour happens to be.
- You can also upgrade between 2.6.xx releases by patching. Patches are
- distributed in the traditional gzip and the new bzip2 format. To
+ distributed in the traditional gzip and the newer bzip2 format. To
install by patching, get all the newer patch files, enter the
top level directory of the kernel source (linux-2.6.xx) and execute:
failed patches (xxx# or xxx.rej). If there are, either you or me has
made a mistake.
+ Unlike patches for the 2.6.x kernels, patches for the 2.6.x.y kernels
+ (also known as the -stable kernels) are not incremental but instead apply
+ directly to the base 2.6.x kernel. Please read
+ Documentation/applying-patches.txt for more information.
+
Alternatively, the script patch-kernel can be used to automate this
process. It determines the current kernel version and applies any
patches found.
kernel source. Patches are applied from the current directory, but
an alternative directory can be specified as the second argument.
+ - If you are upgrading between releases using the stable series patches
+ (for example, patch-2.6.xx.y), note that these "dot-releases" are
+ not incremental and must be applied to the 2.6.xx base tree. For
+ example, if your base kernel is 2.6.12 and you want to apply the
+ 2.6.12.3 patch, you do not and indeed must not first apply the
+ 2.6.12.1 and 2.6.12.2 patches. Similarly, if you are running kernel
+ version 2.6.12.2 and want to jump to 2.6.12.3, you must first
+ reverse the 2.6.12.2 patch (that is, patch -R) _before_ applying
+ the 2.6.12.3 patch.
+
- Make sure you have no stale .o files and dependencies lying around:
cd linux
Compiling and running the 2.6.xx kernels requires up-to-date
versions of various software packages. Consult
- ./Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required
+ Documentation/Changes for the minimum version numbers required
and how to get updates for these packages. Beware that using
excessively old versions of these packages can cause indirect
errors that are very difficult to track down, so don't assume that
"make xconfig" X windows (Qt) based configuration tool.
"make gconfig" X windows (Gtk) based configuration tool.
"make oldconfig" Default all questions based on the contents of
- your existing ./.config file.
+ your existing ./.config file and asking about
+ new config symbols.
+ "make silentoldconfig"
+ Like above, but avoids cluttering the screen
+ with questions already answered.
+ "make defconfig" Create a ./.config file by using the default
+ symbol values from arch/$ARCH/defconfig.
+ "make allyesconfig"
+ Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
+ values to 'y' as much as possible.
+ "make allmodconfig"
+ Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
+ values to 'm' as much as possible.
+ "make allnoconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
+ values to 'n' as much as possible.
+ "make randconfig" Create a ./.config file by setting symbol
+ values to random values.
+
+ The allyesconfig/allmodconfig/allnoconfig/randconfig variants can
+ also use the environment variable KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG to specify a
+ filename that contains config options that the user requires to be
+ set to a specific value. If KCONFIG_ALLCONFIG=filename is not used,
+ "make *config" checks for a file named "all{yes/mod/no/random}.config"
+ for symbol values that are to be forced. If this file is not found,
+ it checks for a file named "all.config" to contain forced values.
NOTES on "make config":
- having unnecessary drivers will make the kernel bigger, and can
should probably answer 'n' to the questions for
"development", "experimental", or "debugging" features.
- - Check the top Makefile for further site-dependent configuration
- (default SVGA mode etc).
-
COMPILING the kernel:
- - Make sure you have gcc 2.95.3 available.
- gcc 2.91.66 (egcs-1.1.2), and gcc 2.7.2.3 are known to miscompile
- some parts of the kernel, and are *no longer supported*.
- Also remember to upgrade your binutils package (for as/ld/nm and company)
- if necessary. For more information, refer to ./Documentation/Changes.
+ - Make sure you have at least gcc 3.2 available.
+ For more information, refer to Documentation/Changes.
Please note that you can still run a.out user programs with this kernel.
are installing a new kernel with the same version number as your
working kernel, make a backup of your modules directory before you
do a "make modules_install".
+ Alternatively, before compiling, use the kernel config option
+ "LOCALVERSION" to append a unique suffix to the regular kernel version.
+ LOCALVERSION can be set in the "General Setup" menu.
- In order to boot your new kernel, you'll need to copy the kernel
image (e.g. .../linux/arch/i386/boot/bzImage after compilation)
git://git.onelab.eu / linux-2.6.git / blobdiff