/* linux/drivers/mtd/nand/s3c2410.c
*
- * Copyright (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
- * Ben Dooks <ben@simtec.co.uk>
+ * Copyright (c) 2004,2005 Simtec Electronics
+ * http://www.simtec.co.uk/products/SWLINUX/
+ * Ben Dooks <ben@simtec.co.uk>
*
- * Samsung S3C2410 NAND driver
+ * Samsung S3C2410/S3C240 NAND driver
*
* Changelog:
* 21-Sep-2004 BJD Initial version
* 23-Sep-2004 BJD Mulitple device support
* 28-Sep-2004 BJD Fixed ECC placement for Hardware mode
* 12-Oct-2004 BJD Fixed errors in use of platform data
+ * 18-Feb-2005 BJD Fix sparse errors
+ * 14-Mar-2005 BJD Applied tglx's code reduction patch
+ * 02-May-2005 BJD Fixed s3c2440 support
+ * 02-May-2005 BJD Reduced hwcontrol decode
+ * 20-Jun-2005 BJD Updated s3c2440 support, fixed timing bug
+ * 08-Jul-2005 BJD Fix OOPS when no platform data supplied
+ * 20-Oct-2005 BJD Fix timing calculation bug
*
- * $Id: s3c2410.c,v 1.7 2005/01/05 18:05:14 dwmw2 Exp $
+ * $Id: s3c2410.c,v 1.20 2005/11/07 11:14:31 gleixner Exp $
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/ioport.h>
-#include <linux/device.h>
+#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/clk.h>
#include <linux/mtd/mtd.h>
#include <linux/mtd/nand.h>
#include <linux/mtd/partitions.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
-#include <asm/mach-types.h>
-#include <asm/hardware/clock.h>
#include <asm/arch/regs-nand.h>
#include <asm/arch/nand.h>
*/
static struct nand_oobinfo nand_hw_eccoob = {
- .useecc = MTD_NANDECC_AUTOPLACE,
- .eccbytes = 3,
- .eccpos = {0, 1, 2 },
- .oobfree = { {8, 8} }
+ .useecc = MTD_NANDECC_AUTOPLACE,
+ .eccbytes = 3,
+ .eccpos = {0, 1, 2 },
+ .oobfree = { {8, 8} }
};
/* controller and mtd information */
struct device *device;
struct resource *area;
struct clk *clk;
- void *regs;
+ void __iomem *regs;
int mtd_count;
+
+ unsigned char is_s3c2440;
};
/* conversion functions */
return s3c2410_nand_mtd_toours(mtd)->info;
}
-static struct s3c2410_nand_info *to_nand_info(struct device *dev)
+static struct s3c2410_nand_info *to_nand_info(struct platform_device *dev)
{
- return dev_get_drvdata(dev);
+ return platform_get_drvdata(dev);
}
-static struct s3c2410_platform_nand *to_nand_plat(struct device *dev)
+static struct s3c2410_platform_nand *to_nand_plat(struct platform_device *dev)
{
- return dev->platform_data;
+ return dev->dev.platform_data;
}
/* timing calculations */
-#define NS_IN_KHZ 10000000
+#define NS_IN_KHZ 1000000
static int s3c2410_nand_calc_rate(int wanted, unsigned long clk, int max)
{
int result;
- result = (wanted * NS_IN_KHZ) / clk;
+ result = (wanted * clk) / NS_IN_KHZ;
result++;
pr_debug("result %d from %ld, %d\n", result, clk, wanted);
return result;
}
-#define to_ns(ticks,clk) (((clk) * (ticks)) / NS_IN_KHZ)
+#define to_ns(ticks,clk) (((ticks) * NS_IN_KHZ) / (unsigned int)(clk))
/* controller setup */
-static int s3c2410_nand_inithw(struct s3c2410_nand_info *info,
- struct device *dev)
+static int s3c2410_nand_inithw(struct s3c2410_nand_info *info,
+ struct platform_device *pdev)
{
- struct s3c2410_platform_nand *plat = to_nand_plat(dev);
- unsigned int tacls, twrph0, twrph1;
+ struct s3c2410_platform_nand *plat = to_nand_plat(pdev);
unsigned long clkrate = clk_get_rate(info->clk);
+ int tacls, twrph0, twrph1;
unsigned long cfg;
/* calculate the timing information for the controller */
+ clkrate /= 1000; /* turn clock into kHz for ease of use */
+
if (plat != NULL) {
- tacls = s3c2410_nand_calc_rate(plat->tacls, clkrate, 8);
+ tacls = s3c2410_nand_calc_rate(plat->tacls, clkrate, 4);
twrph0 = s3c2410_nand_calc_rate(plat->twrph0, clkrate, 8);
twrph1 = s3c2410_nand_calc_rate(plat->twrph1, clkrate, 8);
} else {
/* default timings */
- tacls = 8;
+ tacls = 4;
twrph0 = 8;
twrph1 = 8;
}
-
+
if (tacls < 0 || twrph0 < 0 || twrph1 < 0) {
printk(KERN_ERR PFX "cannot get timings suitable for board\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
- printk(KERN_INFO PFX "timing: Tacls %ldns, Twrph0 %ldns, Twrph1 %ldns\n",
- to_ns(tacls, clkrate),
- to_ns(twrph0, clkrate),
- to_ns(twrph1, clkrate));
+ printk(KERN_INFO PFX "Tacls=%d, %dns Twrph0=%d %dns, Twrph1=%d %dns\n",
+ tacls, to_ns(tacls, clkrate),
+ twrph0, to_ns(twrph0, clkrate),
+ twrph1, to_ns(twrph1, clkrate));
- cfg = S3C2410_NFCONF_EN;
- cfg |= S3C2410_NFCONF_TACLS(tacls-1);
- cfg |= S3C2410_NFCONF_TWRPH0(twrph0-1);
- cfg |= S3C2410_NFCONF_TWRPH1(twrph1-1);
+ if (!info->is_s3c2440) {
+ cfg = S3C2410_NFCONF_EN;
+ cfg |= S3C2410_NFCONF_TACLS(tacls-1);
+ cfg |= S3C2410_NFCONF_TWRPH0(twrph0-1);
+ cfg |= S3C2410_NFCONF_TWRPH1(twrph1-1);
+ } else {
+ cfg = S3C2440_NFCONF_TACLS(tacls-1);
+ cfg |= S3C2440_NFCONF_TWRPH0(twrph0-1);
+ cfg |= S3C2440_NFCONF_TWRPH1(twrph1-1);
+ }
pr_debug(PFX "NF_CONF is 0x%lx\n", cfg);
static void s3c2410_nand_select_chip(struct mtd_info *mtd, int chip)
{
struct s3c2410_nand_info *info;
- struct s3c2410_nand_mtd *nmtd;
+ struct s3c2410_nand_mtd *nmtd;
struct nand_chip *this = mtd->priv;
+ void __iomem *reg;
unsigned long cur;
+ unsigned long bit;
nmtd = this->priv;
info = nmtd->info;
- cur = readl(info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
+ bit = (info->is_s3c2440) ? S3C2440_NFCONT_nFCE : S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE;
+ reg = info->regs+((info->is_s3c2440) ? S3C2440_NFCONT:S3C2410_NFCONF);
+
+ cur = readl(reg);
if (chip == -1) {
- cur |= S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE;
+ cur |= bit;
} else {
- if (chip > nmtd->set->nr_chips) {
+ if (nmtd->set != NULL && chip > nmtd->set->nr_chips) {
printk(KERN_ERR PFX "chip %d out of range\n", chip);
return;
}
(info->platform->select_chip)(nmtd->set, chip);
}
- cur &= ~S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE;
+ cur &= ~bit;
}
- writel(cur, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
+ writel(cur, reg);
}
-/* command and control functions */
+/* command and control functions
+ *
+ * Note, these all use tglx's method of changing the IO_ADDR_W field
+ * to make the code simpler, and use the nand layer's code to issue the
+ * command and address sequences via the proper IO ports.
+ *
+*/
static void s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd)
{
struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
- unsigned long cur;
+ struct nand_chip *chip = mtd->priv;
switch (cmd) {
case NAND_CTL_SETNCE:
- cur = readl(info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
- cur &= ~S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE;
- writel(cur, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
- break;
-
case NAND_CTL_CLRNCE:
- cur = readl(info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
- cur |= S3C2410_NFCONF_nFCE;
- writel(cur, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
+ printk(KERN_ERR "%s: called for NCE\n", __FUNCTION__);
break;
- /* we don't need to implement these */
case NAND_CTL_SETCLE:
- case NAND_CTL_CLRCLE:
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2410_NFCMD;
+ break;
+
case NAND_CTL_SETALE:
- case NAND_CTL_CLRALE:
- pr_debug(PFX "s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol(%d) unusedn", cmd);
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2410_NFADDR;
+ break;
+
+ /* NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: */
+ /* NAND_CTL_CLRALE: */
+ default:
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2410_NFDATA;
break;
}
}
-/* s3c2410_nand_command
- *
- * This function implements sending commands and the relevant address
- * information to the chip, via the hardware controller. Since the
- * S3C2410 generates the correct ALE/CLE signaling automatically, we
- * do not need to use hwcontrol.
-*/
+/* command and control functions */
-static void s3c2410_nand_command (struct mtd_info *mtd, unsigned command,
- int column, int page_addr)
+static void s3c2440_nand_hwcontrol(struct mtd_info *mtd, int cmd)
{
- register struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
- register struct nand_chip *this = mtd->priv;
+ struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
+ struct nand_chip *chip = mtd->priv;
- /*
- * Write out the command to the device.
- */
- if (command == NAND_CMD_SEQIN) {
- int readcmd;
-
- if (column >= mtd->oobblock) {
- /* OOB area */
- column -= mtd->oobblock;
- readcmd = NAND_CMD_READOOB;
- } else if (column < 256) {
- /* First 256 bytes --> READ0 */
- readcmd = NAND_CMD_READ0;
- } else {
- column -= 256;
- readcmd = NAND_CMD_READ1;
- }
-
- writeb(readcmd, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCMD);
- }
- writeb(command, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCMD);
+ switch (cmd) {
+ case NAND_CTL_SETNCE:
+ case NAND_CTL_CLRNCE:
+ printk(KERN_ERR "%s: called for NCE\n", __FUNCTION__);
+ break;
- /* Set ALE and clear CLE to start address cycle */
+ case NAND_CTL_SETCLE:
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2440_NFCMD;
+ break;
- if (column != -1 || page_addr != -1) {
+ case NAND_CTL_SETALE:
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2440_NFADDR;
+ break;
- /* Serially input address */
- if (column != -1) {
- /* Adjust columns for 16 bit buswidth */
- if (this->options & NAND_BUSWIDTH_16)
- column >>= 1;
- writeb(column, info->regs + S3C2410_NFADDR);
- }
- if (page_addr != -1) {
- writeb((unsigned char) (page_addr), info->regs + S3C2410_NFADDR);
- writeb((unsigned char) (page_addr >> 8), info->regs + S3C2410_NFADDR);
- /* One more address cycle for higher density devices */
- if (this->chipsize & 0x0c000000)
- writeb((unsigned char) ((page_addr >> 16) & 0x0f),
- info->regs + S3C2410_NFADDR);
- }
- /* Latch in address */
- }
-
- /*
- * program and erase have their own busy handlers
- * status and sequential in needs no delay
- */
- switch (command) {
-
- case NAND_CMD_PAGEPROG:
- case NAND_CMD_ERASE1:
- case NAND_CMD_ERASE2:
- case NAND_CMD_SEQIN:
- case NAND_CMD_STATUS:
- return;
-
- case NAND_CMD_RESET:
- if (this->dev_ready)
- break;
-
- udelay(this->chip_delay);
- writeb(NAND_CMD_STATUS, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCMD);
-
- while ( !(this->read_byte(mtd) & 0x40));
- return;
-
- /* This applies to read commands */
+ /* NAND_CTL_CLRCLE: */
+ /* NAND_CTL_CLRALE: */
default:
- /*
- * If we don't have access to the busy pin, we apply the given
- * command delay
- */
- if (!this->dev_ready) {
- udelay (this->chip_delay);
- return;
- }
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2440_NFDATA;
+ break;
}
-
- /* Apply this short delay always to ensure that we do wait tWB in
- * any case on any machine. */
- ndelay (100);
- /* wait until command is processed */
- while (!this->dev_ready(mtd));
}
-
/* s3c2410_nand_devready()
*
* returns 0 if the nand is busy, 1 if it is ready
static int s3c2410_nand_devready(struct mtd_info *mtd)
{
struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
-
+
+ if (info->is_s3c2440)
+ return readb(info->regs + S3C2440_NFSTAT) & S3C2440_NFSTAT_READY;
return readb(info->regs + S3C2410_NFSTAT) & S3C2410_NFSTAT_BUSY;
}
+
/* ECC handling functions */
static int s3c2410_nand_correct_data(struct mtd_info *mtd, u_char *dat,
if (read_ecc[0] == calc_ecc[0] &&
read_ecc[1] == calc_ecc[1] &&
- read_ecc[2] == calc_ecc[2])
+ read_ecc[2] == calc_ecc[2])
return 0;
/* we curently have no method for correcting the error */
return -1;
}
+/* ECC functions
+ *
+ * These allow the s3c2410 and s3c2440 to use the controller's ECC
+ * generator block to ECC the data as it passes through]
+*/
+
static void s3c2410_nand_enable_hwecc(struct mtd_info *mtd, int mode)
{
struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
writel(ctrl, info->regs + S3C2410_NFCONF);
}
+static void s3c2440_nand_enable_hwecc(struct mtd_info *mtd, int mode)
+{
+ struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
+ unsigned long ctrl;
+
+ ctrl = readl(info->regs + S3C2440_NFCONT);
+ writel(ctrl | S3C2440_NFCONT_INITECC, info->regs + S3C2440_NFCONT);
+}
+
static int s3c2410_nand_calculate_ecc(struct mtd_info *mtd,
const u_char *dat, u_char *ecc_code)
{
}
-/* over-ride the standard functions for a little more speed? */
+static int s3c2440_nand_calculate_ecc(struct mtd_info *mtd,
+ const u_char *dat, u_char *ecc_code)
+{
+ struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = s3c2410_nand_mtd_toinfo(mtd);
+ unsigned long ecc = readl(info->regs + S3C2440_NFMECC0);
+
+ ecc_code[0] = ecc;
+ ecc_code[1] = ecc >> 8;
+ ecc_code[2] = ecc >> 16;
+
+ pr_debug("calculate_ecc: returning ecc %02x,%02x,%02x\n",
+ ecc_code[0], ecc_code[1], ecc_code[2]);
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+
+/* over-ride the standard functions for a little more speed. We can
+ * use read/write block to move the data buffers to/from the controller
+*/
static void s3c2410_nand_read_buf(struct mtd_info *mtd, u_char *buf, int len)
{
/* device management functions */
-static int s3c2410_nand_remove(struct device *dev)
+static int s3c2410_nand_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
- struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = to_nand_info(dev);
+ struct s3c2410_nand_info *info = to_nand_info(pdev);
- dev_set_drvdata(dev, NULL);
+ platform_set_drvdata(pdev, NULL);
- if (info == NULL)
+ if (info == NULL)
return 0;
/* first thing we need to do is release all our mtds
* and their partitions, then go through freeing the
- * resources used
+ * resources used
*/
-
+
if (info->mtds != NULL) {
struct s3c2410_nand_mtd *ptr = info->mtds;
int mtdno;
if (info->clk != NULL && !IS_ERR(info->clk)) {
clk_disable(info->clk);
- clk_unuse(info->clk);
clk_put(info->clk);
}
/* s3c2410_nand_init_chip
*
- * init a single instance of an chip
+ * init a single instance of an chip
*/
static void s3c2410_nand_init_chip(struct s3c2410_nand_info *info,
{
struct nand_chip *chip = &nmtd->chip;
- chip->IO_ADDR_R = (char *)info->regs + S3C2410_NFDATA;
- chip->IO_ADDR_W = (char *)info->regs + S3C2410_NFDATA;
+ chip->IO_ADDR_R = info->regs + S3C2410_NFDATA;
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2410_NFDATA;
chip->hwcontrol = s3c2410_nand_hwcontrol;
chip->dev_ready = s3c2410_nand_devready;
- chip->cmdfunc = s3c2410_nand_command;
chip->write_buf = s3c2410_nand_write_buf;
chip->read_buf = s3c2410_nand_read_buf;
chip->select_chip = s3c2410_nand_select_chip;
chip->options = 0;
chip->controller = &info->controller;
+ if (info->is_s3c2440) {
+ chip->IO_ADDR_R = info->regs + S3C2440_NFDATA;
+ chip->IO_ADDR_W = info->regs + S3C2440_NFDATA;
+ chip->hwcontrol = s3c2440_nand_hwcontrol;
+ }
+
nmtd->info = info;
nmtd->mtd.priv = chip;
nmtd->set = set;
chip->calculate_ecc = s3c2410_nand_calculate_ecc;
chip->eccmode = NAND_ECC_HW3_512;
chip->autooob = &nand_hw_eccoob;
+
+ if (info->is_s3c2440) {
+ chip->enable_hwecc = s3c2440_nand_enable_hwecc;
+ chip->calculate_ecc = s3c2440_nand_calculate_ecc;
+ }
} else {
chip->eccmode = NAND_ECC_SOFT;
}
* nand layer to look for devices
*/
-static int s3c2410_nand_probe(struct device *dev)
+static int s3c24xx_nand_probe(struct platform_device *pdev, int is_s3c2440)
{
- struct platform_device *pdev = to_platform_device(dev);
- struct s3c2410_platform_nand *plat = to_nand_plat(dev);
+ struct s3c2410_platform_nand *plat = to_nand_plat(pdev);
struct s3c2410_nand_info *info;
struct s3c2410_nand_mtd *nmtd;
struct s3c2410_nand_set *sets;
int nr_sets;
int setno;
- pr_debug("s3c2410_nand_probe(%p)\n", dev);
+ pr_debug("s3c2410_nand_probe(%p)\n", pdev);
info = kmalloc(sizeof(*info), GFP_KERNEL);
if (info == NULL) {
- printk(KERN_ERR PFX "no memory for flash info\n");
+ dev_err(&pdev->dev, "no memory for flash info\n");
err = -ENOMEM;
goto exit_error;
}
memzero(info, sizeof(*info));
- dev_set_drvdata(dev, info);
+ platform_set_drvdata(pdev, info);
spin_lock_init(&info->controller.lock);
+ init_waitqueue_head(&info->controller.wq);
/* get the clock source and enable it */
- info->clk = clk_get(dev, "nand");
+ info->clk = clk_get(&pdev->dev, "nand");
if (IS_ERR(info->clk)) {
- printk(KERN_ERR PFX "failed to get clock");
+ dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to get clock");
err = -ENOENT;
goto exit_error;
}
- clk_use(info->clk);
clk_enable(info->clk);
/* allocate and map the resource */
- res = pdev->resource; /* assume that the flash has one resource */
+ /* currently we assume we have the one resource */
+ res = pdev->resource;
size = res->end - res->start + 1;
info->area = request_mem_region(res->start, size, pdev->name);
if (info->area == NULL) {
- printk(KERN_ERR PFX "cannot reserve register region\n");
+ dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot reserve register region\n");
err = -ENOENT;
goto exit_error;
}
- info->device = dev;
- info->platform = plat;
- info->regs = ioremap(res->start, size);
+ info->device = &pdev->dev;
+ info->platform = plat;
+ info->regs = ioremap(res->start, size);
+ info->is_s3c2440 = is_s3c2440;
if (info->regs == NULL) {
- printk(KERN_ERR PFX "cannot reserve register region\n");
+ dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot reserve register region\n");
err = -EIO;
goto exit_error;
- }
+ }
- printk(KERN_INFO PFX "mapped registers at %p\n", info->regs);
+ dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "mapped registers at %p\n", info->regs);
/* initialise the hardware */
- err = s3c2410_nand_inithw(info, dev);
+ err = s3c2410_nand_inithw(info, pdev);
if (err != 0)
goto exit_error;
size = nr_sets * sizeof(*info->mtds);
info->mtds = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (info->mtds == NULL) {
- printk(KERN_ERR PFX "failed to allocate mtd storage\n");
+ dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to allocate mtd storage\n");
err = -ENOMEM;
goto exit_error;
}
for (setno = 0; setno < nr_sets; setno++, nmtd++) {
pr_debug("initialising set %d (%p, info %p)\n",
setno, nmtd, info);
-
+
s3c2410_nand_init_chip(info, nmtd, sets);
nmtd->scan_res = nand_scan(&nmtd->mtd,
if (sets != NULL)
sets++;
}
-
+
pr_debug("initialised ok\n");
return 0;
exit_error:
- s3c2410_nand_remove(dev);
+ s3c2410_nand_remove(pdev);
if (err == 0)
err = -EINVAL;
return err;
}
-static struct device_driver s3c2410_nand_driver = {
- .name = "s3c2410-nand",
- .bus = &platform_bus_type,
+/* driver device registration */
+
+static int s3c2410_nand_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
+{
+ return s3c24xx_nand_probe(dev, 0);
+}
+
+static int s3c2440_nand_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
+{
+ return s3c24xx_nand_probe(dev, 1);
+}
+
+static struct platform_driver s3c2410_nand_driver = {
.probe = s3c2410_nand_probe,
.remove = s3c2410_nand_remove,
+ .driver = {
+ .name = "s3c2410-nand",
+ .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+ },
+};
+
+static struct platform_driver s3c2440_nand_driver = {
+ .probe = s3c2440_nand_probe,
+ .remove = s3c2410_nand_remove,
+ .driver = {
+ .name = "s3c2440-nand",
+ .owner = THIS_MODULE,
+ },
};
static int __init s3c2410_nand_init(void)
{
- printk("S3C2410 NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics\n");
- return driver_register(&s3c2410_nand_driver);
+ printk("S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics\n");
+
+ platform_driver_register(&s3c2440_nand_driver);
+ return platform_driver_register(&s3c2410_nand_driver);
}
static void __exit s3c2410_nand_exit(void)
{
- driver_unregister(&s3c2410_nand_driver);
+ platform_driver_unregister(&s3c2440_nand_driver);
+ platform_driver_unregister(&s3c2410_nand_driver);
}
module_init(s3c2410_nand_init);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Ben Dooks <ben@simtec.co.uk>");
-MODULE_DESCRIPTION("S3C2410 MTD NAND driver");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("S3C24XX MTD NAND driver");